<p>The Caleb R. Ayer House  is an historic house at 7 Main Street in Cornish, Maine, United States. The house is architecturally distinctive, with a high-style Greek Revival main block, built c. 1855, attached to an older  heavily-altered Cape, which connects it to a period barn. The house is also historically significant as the home of Caleb Ayer, a Maine politician who served in the Maine Senate from 1847 to 1848 and as Secretary of State of Maine in 1856. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 12, 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The house is set on the south side of Main Street (SR 5/SR 25) in the main village of Cornish, just east of its junction with Fiddle Lane. It is a long structure whose main axis is oriented north-south, and is divided into three distinct sections, all of whose main facades face east. The northernmost section is a 2-1/2 rectangular Greek Revival structure with a side-gable roof, and a single-story flat-roof porch extending across its three-bay front. Its corners have broad pilasters, with a double-width frieze encircling the block below the roof. To the south of this block is a 1-1/2 story Cape style extension, which is the oldest portion of the house. It is seven bays wide, with a pair of gable-roof dormers projecting from its main facade, and has a projecting gable-roofed vestibule providing a secondary entrance. At the southernmost end of the structure is a barn, whose gable roof is oriented perpendicular to the roofs of the other two sections. The interiors of the front and central blocks both reflect high-style Greek Revival design.</p><br>
<p>The central Cape portion of the house was probably built by Edward Boynton, sometime between his purchase of the land in the early 1830s, and its sale to Caleb Ayer in 1852. Although building records are sketchy, it is probably that Ayer built the front section soon afterward, including applying Greek Revival styling to the Cape portion. The house was sold in 1886 by Ayer&#39;s widow to her son-in-law, Dr. William Swasey. Ayer was a prominent lawyer who moved to Cornish after marrying a local woman; he served in the state senate and as the state secretary in 1856. Swasey practiced from the house for many years, using what is now a modern kitchen as his office.</p><br>
<p>La Veta Pass is the name associated with two nearby mountain passes in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains of south central Colorado in the United States, both lying on the boundary between Costilla and Huerfano counties.</p><br>
<p>Old La Veta Pass (officially La Veta Pass), elevation 9,380 ft, was at one time a main travel route between the San Luis Valley and Walsenburg, first on the narrow gauge Denver and Rio Grande Railway, and later on a wagon road and then highway following the same alignment. The route featured two tight curves on the eastern approach to the summit, making the grade feasible for railroad operation, but leaving the route less than satisfactory as a highway. It is now an unpaved and lightly traveled back road.</p><br>
<p>New La Veta Pass (officially North La Veta Pass), elevation 9,413 ft, lies about 1.6 miles northeast of the old pass and is now the principal highway route through this part of the mountain range, carrying USA Highway 160. While this new route is slightly higher, it has no sharp curves and is thus better suited to modern highway traffic.</p><br>
<p>These two passes should not be confused with yet another Sangre de Cristo crossing having a similar name:</p><br>
<p>Veta Pass, elevation 9,220 ft, lies about 7.7 miles southeast of Old La Veta Pass. When the Denver and Rio Grande Railway decided to convert its line over the Sangre de Cristo from narrow gauge to standard gauge, it elected to follow a new route over Veta Pass, completing the project in 1899. In 2003 the San Luis and Rio Grande Railroad took over operation of the line. The Rio Grande Scenic Railroad operates steam excursion trains between Alamosa and La Veta over the pass.</p><br>
<p>Dundon Hill Hillfort is an Iron Age hillfort in Compton Dundon, Somerset, England. It has been designated as a Scheduled Ancient Monument. South east of the site is a Bronze Age bowl barrow which, it has been suggested, was later modified as a Norman Motte, known as Dundon Beacon.</p><br>
<p>The 5 hectare site is guarded by a single bank ranging from.5 m to 2.5 m high, however parts of the site have been damaged by quarrying. Flint flakes, Bronze Age pottery, and Iron Age pottery have also been found, which are now in the Museum of Somerset.</p><br>
<p>Dundon Hill, also sometimes called Dundon Beacon, stands out prominently in the flat country of King&#39;s Sedgemoor, rising to a height of 270 feet. One writer on ancient earthworks notes that it "looks like a respectable mountain and is in fact a natural island fortress". The whole of the hilltop is enclosed by the single bank of stones and earth.</p><br>
<p>Brent Knoll is a 137 m hill on the Somerset Levels, in Somerset, England. It is located roughly halfway between Weston-super-Mare and Bridgwater, 2.5 mi from the Bristol Channel coast at Burnham-on-Sea. At the foot of the hill are two villages East Brent and Brent Knoll, which takes its name from the hill but was previously called South Brent. The hill&#39;s size and isolated position on the levels mean that it dominates the landscape and can be seen for many miles, and its prominence is emphasised to travellers because the Bristol to Taunton railway line, M5 motorway, A370 and A38 roads all pass within a mile or less from its base.</p><br>
<h2>Toponymy</h2><br>
<p>The word knoll usually means a small hill or hill-top. The origin of the name Brent is unclear. The name may derive from the word "brant" meaning "steep" in Old English,</p><br>
<p>although other suggestions have been put forward,</p><br>
<p>such as from a word meaning burnt in Old English, suggesting that the settlement was at some time burnt by the Danes.</p><br>
<p>Another proposal is that the name comes from a Celtic term meaning "high place".</p><br>
<p>Another possibility is that the name of Brent simply derives from the local river, the Brent, which gives its name to a Somerset hundred.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>An isolated hill, Brent Knoll is an example of denudation – waters of the Bristol Channel eroded surrounding features leaving just the Blue Lias rocks from the Jurassic period capped with Midford Sands of the Bridport Formation.</p><br>
<h2>Travel</h2><br>
<p>Brent Knoll used to have a railway station but it closed in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Brent Knoll has seen human settlement since at least the Bronze Age. Brent Knoll Camp is an Iron Age hill fort, with multiple ramparts (multivallate) following the contours of the hill, broken only by the main entrance on the eastern side.</p><br>
<p>Before the Somerset Levels were drained, Brent Knoll was an island, known as the Isle (or Mount) of Frogs, that provided a safe haven from the water and marshes.</p><br>
<p>According to legend, Ider son of Nuth, who was one of King Arthur&#39;s knights, came to the Mount of Frogs on a quest to slay three giants who lived there.</p><br>
<p>The fort has been claimed as the site of Mons Badonicus.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph E. Hall House is a privately owned residential house located at 210 South Oneida Street in the city of Tecumseh in Lenawee County, Michigan. It was designated as a Michigan State Historic State and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 13, 1986. It is located just around the corner from the George J. Kempf House.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in as early as 1870 for Joseph E. Hall, a local jeweler and instrument maker. Hall and his family lived here until 1882, when it was purchased by Sylvester Erskine, a barber and saloon keeper.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>It was designed in the style mix of Italianate and Late Victorian architecture by Salmon Crane, who was a leading architect in Tecumseh in the second half of the nineteenth century. The brick house, which is modest in size and typical of those built in the area at the time, is noted for its irregular design, which features an L-shaped floor plan and square tower.</p><br>
<p>The Gamaliel Thompson House is a former residential structure located at 101 Summit Street in the city of Hudson in westernmost Lenawee County, Michigan. It was designated as a Michigan State Historic State on February 22, 1974 and soon after listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 3, 1975. It is located two blocks south of the Heman R. Goodrich House. The Thompson House now serves as the William G. Thompson House Museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Gamaliel Thompson was born near the village of Fort Ann, New York in 1843. In 1861 he moved from New York State to Hudson, obtaining work as a clerk and bookkeeper. He later became involved in general merchandising, and in 1867, with the founding of the banking firm of Perkins, Osborn, and Co., became associated with the banking business. He and his family eventually bought out the other owners of the bank, and by the 1890s the bank was known as Thompson&#39;s Savings Bank, with Gamaliel Thompson as vice-president.</p><br>
<p>In 1890, Thompson hired John L. Matthes and Company of Adrian to construct this house at a cost of $6,500. It was finished the following year. The house has been owned by the Thompson family since it was built.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Gamaliel Thompson House is one of the finest surviving Queen Anne style houses in Michigan. The structure retains all of its original features.</p><br>
<p>The Gamaliel Thompson House is a two-and-one-half story wooden structure with a profusion of bays and porches. The house is clad with clapboard, save for the two gabled dormers. The irregularly shaped roof is covered with green painted tin and trimmed with corniced boxed brackets. There is a corner turret, two balconies, and a front porch with ornamental trim. The exterior has a number of other decorative elements.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the house is remained basically unchanged from the original layout., save a modernized kitchen. A notable feature of the interior is the cherry paneling which lines the library walls, and the elliptical stained glass window in the same room. The furniture within the house also dates from the era of the house&#39;s construction.</p><br>
<p>King&#39;s Castle is a Neolithic hillfort 1 km east of Wiveliscombe in Somerset, England. It is surrounded by two banks with a ditch between them. The inner wall ranges up to 2.5 m high and the outer wall gets up to 1.5 m high. Arrowheads, scrapers, and borers have been found at the site. A coin hoard of 1139 coins was found in a pot buried 1 ft deep.</p><br>
<p>The site has been heavily damaged by repeated quarrying and ploughing.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the first millennium BC. The reason for their emergence in Britain, and their purpose, has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze, and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status. Power passed into the hands of a new group of people. Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe believes that population increase still played a role and has stated " provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress burst out into open warfare. But I wouldn&#39;t see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction".</p><br>
<p>The Hercules Pavilion  is a former royal pavilion now operated as a café in Rosenborg Castle Gardens in central Copenhagen, Denmark. Its history dates back to the foundation of the park in 1606 but it was adapted to its current Neoclassical style by Caspar Frederik Harsdorff in 1773 after the gardens had been opened to the public. The pavilion takes its name from a statue of Hercules positioned in a deep niche in its facade. It was created by the Italian sculptor Giovanni Baratta from whom it was acquired by King Frederik IV during his visit to Italy.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Then known as the Blue Pavilion, the pavilion was originally built by King Christian IV in connection with the foundation of the gardens in 1606. As at Rosenborg Castle, it was built with concealed sound ducts which allowed the king and his guests to listen to music in privacy on the first floor while the orchestra played on the floor below.</p><br>
<p>In 1671, King Christian V converted the pavilion into a hermitage, a place where the royal family could dine in the absence of servants. An elegant kitchen with Dutch tiles on the walls and floor was installed on the lower floor. Here the table was set and then hoisted up to the first floor through a hatch.</p><br>
<p>From about 1710, after Frederiksberg Palace had been built, Rosenborg Castle, as well as its gardens, was largely abandoned by the royal family. The gardens were opened to the public but the Hermitage gradually fell into a state of disrepair.</p><br>
<p>In 1773, after it had been decided to renovate the neglected gardens, Caspar Frederik Harsdorff was commissioned to redesign the pavilion. He introduced the current design with the niches and the statues which gave rise to its current name. Towards the end of the century, a small ale house opened in the pavilion and in 1810 confectioner H. C. Firmenich received a licence to serve tea, punch, lemonade and other refreshments to the garden&#39;s visitors. The Swiss confectioner also baked sweet pretzels and occasionally there was entertainment on the roof terrace.</p><br>
<p>Around 1840, the popularity of the gardens experienced a boost when Georg Carstensen and composer Hans Christian Lumbye of Tivoli Gardens fame became responsible for entertainment at the pavilion.</p><br>
<p>In the 20th century the pavilion was used as residence for the head gardener, and later as a storeroom by a folk dancing club.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and statues</h2><br>
<p>The Hercules Pavilion is built in Neoclassical style. The facade is dominated by Giovanni Baratta&#39;s statue of Hercules from which it takes its name, which is located in a deep niche flanked by Tuscan columns and two smaller niches with statues of Orpheus and Eurydice, also designed by Baratta and brought home by Frederick IV.</p><br>
<h2>The Hercules Pavilion today</h2><br>
<p>In 1999 the pavilion was refurbished once again and converted back into Café Herkules, which combines a café on the ground floor with facilities for cultural activities on the first floor.</p><br>
<p>Sierra de Villuercas or Sierra de las Villuercas, also known as Sierra de Guadalupe after nearby Guadalupe town, is a mountain range in the greater Montes de Toledo range, Spain. It is located in province of Cáceres, autonomous community of Extremadura.</p><br>
<p>Rivers Almonte and Ibor, tributaries of the Tagus, and the Ruecas and Guadalupe River, tributaries of the Guadiana, have their sources in this range.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Sierra de Villuercas stretches for about 60 km in a roughly NNW/SSE direction in the southeast of Cáceres Province. From its northern end a lower ridge stretches in an arch further westwards from Deleitosa. Southwards there is a straight low ridge aligned in a N/S direction connecting with the Sierra de los Golondrinos prolongation further south straddling river Guadiana. The lower Sierra de Montánchez extends further west of the Sierra de Villuercas.</p><br>
<p>This range is parallel to the Sierra de la Palomera and Sierra de Altamira further east of Guadalupe. There is an abundance of fossils of Ammonites, Trilobites, Brachiopods, Graptolites and Cloudinids in certain points of the range.</p><br>
<p>The highest point of the range is conspicuous La Villuerca (1,603 m), which gives name to Las Villuercas comarca and is the highest point of the greater Montes de Toledo range. Cervales (1441 m), Carbonero (1428 m), Ballesteros (1342 m), Sobacorbas (1320 m) o Risco Redondo (1287 m).</p><br>
<h3>Geology</h3><br>
<p>The Sierra de Villuercas geological structure is similar to the geology of the Appalachians.</p><br>
<p>The range is mainly composed of slates and quartzites that are often exposed in its jagged peaks.</p><br>
<p>There are also interesting conglomerate geological formations made up of quartzite boulders and unstratified clays known locally as "rañas".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This mountainous area was the scenario of the Battle of the Sierra Guadalupe, a bloody conflict at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Saint John&#39;s Lutheran Church is an active church building located at 121 South Locust Street in the city of Adrian in Lenawee County, Michigan. It was designated as a Michigan State Historic State on February 23, 1981 and shortly after listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 27, 1984. The Lutheran congregation moved to a new home in 2007, and the church building now houses the Reformed Baptist Church of Lenawee.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The congregation itself dates back to October 10, 1847 when Reverend William Hattestaedt organized the "German Evangelical Lutheran Church of Adrian, Michigan." Their first church was completed in 1849, and attendance consisted of a small number of German Episcopalians. The first full-time pastor was Reverend Phillip J. Trauman, who came to head in 1850. A new church was soon built to serve a growing number of German immigrants in Adrian. The current building was originally constructed in 1861 in the style of Gothic Revival architecture by architects C. F. Matthes, John C. Kaumeier, and Pastor Steffan. The building is notable as one of the oldest surviving thoroughly Gothic Revival Lutheran church buildings in Michigan. It was consecrated on June 29, 1862. The brick structure was originally a modest rectangular building until transepts were added in 1896. The stained glass windows were added in 1914.</p><br>
<p>The church&#39;s congregation continues to serve the Lutheran community of Adrian, but in July 8, 2007 moved to a new location at 3448 North Adrian Highway (M-52), 3.5 mi north of the old church.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Saint John&#39;s Lutheran Church is a red brick Gothic Revival structure built in a cruciform plan. It sits on a sandstone foundation, and has a low pitched gable roof and partially projecting tower in the front. The main entrance is in the base of the tower, and is through double doors within a recessed arch. The tower is topped with an octagonal belfry. The corners of the church have angled buttresses topped with metal pinnacles, and the side walls are divided into bays by piers.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, the entry is through a small vestibule in the case of the tower. Stairways lead up to the balcony and down to the full basement, and the auditorium opens off the vestibule. The auditorium is cruciform, with plaster walls and wainscoting made of wide, dark-stained, vertical pine boards. Decorative elements are in the plaster ceiling. Pews face the alter in the apse.</p><br>
<p>Stolpsee is a lake in the Mecklenburg Lake District, in Germany. It is situated in the district of Oberhavel in the state of Brandenburg. The resort of Himmelpfort lies on the north bank of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake has an approximate length of 3.6 km and a width of 1.42 km. It has a surface area of 371 hectare and is situated at an altitude of 52 m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The navigable River Havel flows through the lake, entering it via a 2.4 km channel from the Schwedtsee. The Stolpsee is the lowest of the chain of lakes within the Mecklenburg Lake District that the river flows through, and on exit the river flows for some 90 km before reaching the next lake, the Tegeler See on the outskirts of Berlin. Navigation is administered as part of the Obere–Havel–Wasserstraße.</p><br>
<p>The Stolpsee is also linked to the Hausee via a short canal and lock at Himmelpfort, forming the first link of the Lychener Gewässer that provides navigable access to the town of Lychen.</p><br>
<p>Samos  is a port town on the island of Samos in Greece. It is also known as Kato Vathy , referring to its location below Vathy. In 2011 it had a population of 6,251.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Town of Samos was built in the middle of 18th century as the port of Vathy. At first there were only depots for the necessities of the trade. Samos town was initially named Kato Vathy (meaning low Vathy) or Limenas Vatheos (meaning port of Vathy). Current name (Samos town) was given it in 1958. During 19th became the administration centre of the island. At that time, its population increased. After the union of Samos with Greece, Samos town remained the administration centre of the island, as well as it became the capital of the Samos Prefecture and the seat of the local municipality.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Samos town is on the coast, very close to Vathy. Its houses are built to amphitheatrically formation, around the bay. In front of the settlement is the port of Samos with wharf of more than 150 meters length. Notable buildings in Samos are the old churches of Agios Nikolaos and Agios Spiridon, the town hall and the two statues (the statue of Themistocles Sofoulis on the coastal road and the big lion statue on the central square).</p><br>
<p>Auchincruive is a former country house and estate in South Ayrshire, Scotland. It is located 4 km east of Ayr, on the north bank of the River Ayr. Auchincruive House was built in the 18th century on the site of an earlier mansion. In 1927, the estate became the West of Scotland College of Agriculture, and the house was renamed Oswald Hall. The college became the Scottish Agricultural College in 1990. In 2007 the college announced that the site would be disposed of for redevelopment, and masterplan proposals were approved by South Ayrshire Council in January 2011. The house is protected as a category A listed building, along with other buildings on the estate. The estate is included on the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland, the national listing of significant gardens.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lands of Auchincruive passed from the Wallace family to the Cathcarts in 1374, although the first record of a house is in 1532, when a tower house stood on the site of the present building. The layout of the estate was formalised from 1723, to designs by William Boutcher, Sr. This included planting north and south of the river, as shown on General Roy&#39;s map of 1750.</p><br>
<p>In 1758 the estate passed to James Murray of Broughton, who sold it in 1764 to the merchant Richard Oswald, who built the present Auchincruive House. Robert Adam provided a design for a house to James Murray in 1764, although Oswald built the house, in modified form, in 1767. Adams scheme for the interiors was carried out as planned. Adam also designed Oswalds Temple, a castellated temple or tea-house, which stands on a nearby hill and was completed in 1778. Oswald was appointed as the British peace commissioner who negotiated the Treaty of Paris in 1783 when the American War of Independence came to an end. After the negotiations, he retired to Auchincruive where he died the following year.</p><br>
<p>An east wing was later built on to the house, and alterations, including addition of the west wing, were made after the estate was inherited by George Oswald in 1819. In 1925 the estate was sold by the Oswalds to John Hannah, a local farmer, who bequeathed it in 1927 to the Secretary of State for Scotland, for use as the West of Scotland Agricultural College. Over the next 50 years, the college erected a number of buildings within the grounds to cater for their educational and research requirements. Oswald Hall continued in use, but the temple deteriorated, and in 2003 it was included on the Buildings at Risk Register for Scotland, its condition assessed as "very poor".</p><br>
<p>By 2007, the Scottish Agricultural College, formed in 1990 from the merger of the West of Scotland College of Agriculture and other agricultural colleges, had decided to move its educational campus to a new site in Ayr. Plans to redevelop the core of the Auchincruive site as a research facility, while selling off the remaining part of the 246 hectare estate for housing and golf course development, were approved by South Ayrshire Council in January 2011. The plans involve the restoration of listed buildings and historic landscape features, and construction of 400–500 houses and a business research campus. Oswald Hall would become a hotel and conference centre, with Oswald&#39;s Temple used as additional accommodation. However, in December 2012 Oswald Hall was sold for $1.5m (£1.0m) to biotech company Neogen Europe to be used as its corporate offices, with its Managing Director, Dr Stephen Holmes, being a former scientist at the College.</p><br>
<p>The Fredericksburg Historic District is located in Fredericksburg, Texas in Gillespie County. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in Texas on October 14, 1970 The district area coincides with the original platting of the town by Herman Wilke, and the streets are laid out in a wide grid. The district is bordered approximately on the north by Schubert Street and the south by Creek Street, on the west by Acorn Street and the east by Elk Street. It encompasses one contributing object , 367 contributing buildings and 191 non-contributing buildings. Many of the buildings in the historic district have been designated either a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark, and/or added to the National Register of Historic Places listings in Texas.</p><br>
<p>also</p><br>
<p>Mount Vesuvius, a volcano in modern-day Italy, erupted in 79 AD in one of the most catastrophic volcanic eruptions in European history. Historians have learned about the eruption from the eyewitness account of Pliny the Younger, a Roman administrator and poet. The event is the namesake for the Vesuvian type of volcanic eruption.</p><br>
<p>Mount Vesuvius spewed forth a deadly cloud of tephra and gases to a height of 33 km, ejecting molten rock, pulverized pumice and hot ash at the rate of 1.5 million tons per second, ultimately releasing 100,000 times the thermal energy of the Hiroshima-Nagasaki bombings. Several Roman settlements were obliterated and buried underneath massive pyroclastic surges and ashfall deposits, the best known being Pompeii and Herculaneum.</p><br>
<p>The total inhabitants of the cities were 16,000–20,000; the remains of about 1,500 people have been found at Pompeii and Herculaneum, but the overall death toll is still unknown.</p><br>
<h2>Precursors and foreshocks</h2><br>
<p>The AD 79 eruption was preceded by a powerful earthquake seventeen years before on February 5, AD 62, which caused widespread destruction around the Bay of Naples, and particularly to Pompeii. Some of the damage had still not been repaired when the volcano erupted. The deaths of 600 sheep from "tainted air" in the vicinity of Pompeii, reported by Seneca the Younger, leads vulcanologist Haraldur Sigurdsson to compare them to similar deaths of sheep in Iceland from pools of volcanic carbon dioxide and to speculate that the earthquake of AD 62 was related to new activity by Mount Vesuvius.</p><br>
<p>Another smaller earthquake took place in AD 64; it was recorded by Suetonius in his biography of Nero, and by Tacitus in Annales because it took place while Nero was in Naples performing for the first time in a public theatre. Suetonius recorded that the emperor continued singing through the earthquake until he had finished his song, while Tacitus wrote that the theatre collapsed shortly after being evacuated.</p><br>
<p>The Romans grew accustomed to minor earth tremors in the region; the writer Pliny the Younger wrote that they "were not particularly alarming because they are frequent in Campania". Small earthquakes started taking place on 20 August 79, becoming more frequent over the next four days, but the warnings were not recognized.</p><br>
<h2>Nature of the eruption</h2><br>
<p>Reconstructions of the eruption and its effects vary considerably in the details but have the same overall features. The eruption lasted for two days. The morning of the first day, August 22, was perceived as normal by the only eyewitness to leave a surviving document, Pliny the Younger, who at that point was staying at Misenum, on the other side of the Bay of Naples about 30 km from the volcano, which may have prevented him from noticing the early signs of the eruption. He was not to have any opportunity, during the next two days, to talk to people who had witnessed the eruption from Pompeii or Herculaneum (indeed he never mentions Pompeii in his letter), so he would not have noticed early, smaller fissures and releases of ash and smoke on the mountain, if such had occurred earlier in the morning. Around 1:00 P.M., Mount Vesuvius violently erupted, spewing up a high-altitude column from which ash and pumice began to fall, blanketing the area. Rescues and escapes occurred during this time. At some time in the night or early the next day, August 23, pyroclastic flows in the close vicinity of the volcano began. Lights seen on the mountain were interpreted as fires. People as far away as Misenum fled for their lives. The flows were rapid-moving, dense, and very hot, knocking down wholly or partly all structures in their path, incinerating or suffocating all population remaining there and altering the landscape, including the coastline. These were accompanied by additional light tremors and a mild tsunami in the Bay of Naples. By evening of the second day, the eruption was over, leaving only haze in the atmosphere through which the sun shone weakly.</p><br>
<p>Pliny the Younger wrote an account of the eruption:</p><br>
<p>Broad sheets of flame were lighting up many parts of Vesuvius; their light and brightness were the more vivid for the darkness of the night... it was daylight now elsewhere in the world, but there the darkness was darker and thicker than any night.</p><br>
<h3>Stratigraphic studies</h3><br>
<p>According to a stratigraphic study (a study of the layers of ash) by Sigurdsson, Cashdollar, and Sparks, published in 1982, and now a standard reference, the eruption of Vesuvius of AD 79 unfolded in two phases: a Plinian eruption that lasted eighteen to twenty hours and produced a fall of pumice and ash southward of the volcano that accumulated up to depths of 2.8 m at Pompeii, followed by a pyroclastic surge or nuée ardente in the second Peléan phase that reached as far as Misenum but was concentrated to the west and northwest. Two pyroclastic surges engulfed Pompeii, burning and asphyxiating the stragglers who had remained behind. Oplontis and Herculaneum received the brunt of the surges and were buried in fine ash, pumice, lava fragments and pyroclastic deposits.</p><br>
<p>In an article published in 2002, Sigurdsson and Casey elaborate on the stratigraphic evidence based on excavations and surveys up until then. In this interpretation, the quasi-initial explosion (not quite initial) produced a column of ash and pumice ranging between 15 km and 30 km high, which, due to northwest winds, rained on Pompeii to the southeast but not on Herculaneum upwind. The eruption is viewed as primarily phreatomagmatic; that is, the chief energy supporting the column came from the escape of steam generated by the magma, created from seawater seeping over time into the deep-seated faults of the region, that came into interaction with magma and heat.</p><br>
<p>Subsequently, the cloud collapsed as the gases densified and lost their capability to support their solid contents, releasing it as a pyroclastic surge, which first reached Herculaneum, not Pompeii. Additional explosions reinstituted the column. The eruption alternated between Vesuvian and Peléan six times. Surges 4 and 5 are believed by the authors to have destroyed and buried Pompeii. Surges are identified in the deposits by dune and cross-bedding formations, which are not produced by fallout.</p><br>
<p>The authors suggest that the first ash falls are to be interpreted as early-morning, low-volume explosions not seen from Misenum, causing Rectina to send her messenger on a ride of several hours around the Bay of Naples, then passable, providing an answer to the paradox of how the messenger might miraculously appear at Pliny&#39;s villa so shortly after a distant eruption that would have prevented him.</p><br>
<h3>Magnetic studies</h3><br>
<p>A 2006 study by Zanella, Gurioli, Pareschi, and Lanza used the magnetic characteristics of over 200 samples of lithic, roof-tile, and plaster fragments collected from pyroclastic deposits in and around Pompeii to estimate the equilibrium temperatures of the deposits.</p><br>
<p>All crustal rock contains some iron or iron compounds, rendering it ferromagnetic, as do Roman roof tiles and plaster. These materials may acquire a residual field from a number of sources. When individual molecules, which are magnetic dipoles, are held in alignment by being bound in a crystalline structure, the small fields reinforce each other to form the rock&#39;s residual field. Heating the material adds internal energy to it. At the Curie temperature, the vibration of the molecules is sufficient to disrupt the alignment; the material loses its residual magnetism and assumes whatever magnetic field might be applied to it only for the duration of the application. The authors term this phenomenon unblocking. Residual magnetism is considered to "block out" non-residual fields.</p><br>
<p>A rock is a mixture of minerals, each with its own Curie temperature; the authors therefore looked for a spectrum of temperatures rather than a single temperature. In the ideal sample, the PDC did not raise the temperature of the fragment beyond the highest blocking temperature. Some constituent material retained the magnetism imposed by the Earth&#39;s field when the item was formed. The temperature was raised above the lowest blocking temperature and therefore some minerals on recooling acquired the magnetism of the Earth as it was in AD 79. The overall field of the sample was the vector sum of the fields of the high-blocking material and the low-blocking material.</p><br>
<p>This type of sample made possible estimation of the low unblocking temperature. Using special equipment that measured field direction and strength at various temperatures, the experimenters raised the temperature of the sample in increments of from 100 &deg;C until it reached the low unblocking temperature. Deprived of one of its components, the overall field changed direction. A plot of direction at each increment identified the increment at which the sample&#39;s resultant magnetism had formed. That was considered to be the equilibrium temperature of the deposit. Considering the data for all the deposits of the surge arrived at a surge deposit estimate. The authors discovered that the city, Pompeii, was a relatively cool spot within a much hotter field, which they attributed to interaction of the surge with the "fabric" of the city.</p><br>
<p>The investigators reconstruct the sequence of volcanic events as follows. On the first day of the eruption a fall of white pumice containing clastic fragments of up to 3 cm fell for several hours. It heated the roof tiles to 120 -. This period would have been the last opportunity to escape. Subsequently, a second column deposited a grey pumice with clastics up to 10 cm, temperature unsampled, but presumed to be higher, for 18 hours. These two falls were the Plinian phase. The collapse of the edges of these clouds generated the first dilute PDCs, which must have been devastating to Herculaneum, but did not enter Pompeii.</p><br>
<p>Early in the morning of the second day the grey cloud began to collapse to a greater degree. Two major surges struck and destroyed Pompeii. Herculaneum and all its population no longer existed. The emplacement temperature range of the first surge was 180 -, minimum temperatures; of the second, 220 -. The depositional temperature of the first was 140 -. Upstream and downstream of the flow it was 300 -.</p><br>
<p>The variable temperature of the first surge was due to interaction with the buildings. Any population remaining in structural refuges could not have escaped, as the city was surrounded by gases of incinerating temperatures. The lowest temperatures were in rooms under collapsed roofs. These were as low as 100 &deg;C, the boiling point of water. The authors suggest that elements of the bottom of the flow were decoupled from the main flow by topographic irregularities and were made cooler by the introduction of ambient turbulent air. In the second surge the irregularities were gone and the city was as hot as the surrounding environment.</p><br>
<p>During the last surge, which was very dilute, one meter more of deposits fell over the region.</p><br>
<h2>The two Plinys</h2><br>
<p>The only surviving eyewitness account of the event consists of two letters by Pliny the Younger, who was 17 at the time of the eruption, to the historian, Tacitus. Observing the first volcanic activity from Misenum across the Bay of Naples from the volcano, approximately 35 km, the elder Pliny launched a rescue fleet and went himself to the rescue of a personal friend. His nephew declined to join the party. One of the nephews letters relates what he could discover from witnesses of his uncles experiences. In a second letter the younger Pliny details his own observations after the departure of his uncle.</p><br>
<h3>Pliny the Younger</h3><br>
<p>The two men saw an extraordinarily dense cloud rising rapidly above the mountain:</p><br>
<p>These events and a request by messenger for an evacuation by sea prompted the elder Pliny to order rescue operations in which he sailed away to participate. His nephew attempted to resume a normal life, continuing to study, and bathing, but that night a tremor awoke him and his mother, prompting them to abandon the house for the courtyard. At another tremor near dawn the population abandoned the village. After still a third "the sea seemed to roll back upon itself, and to be driven from its banks", which is evidence for a tsunami. There is, however, no evidence of extensive damage from wave action.</p><br>
<p>The early light was obscured by a black cloud through which shone flashes, which Pliny likens to sheet lightning, but more extensive. The cloud obscured Point Misenum near at hand and the island of Capraia (Capri) across the bay. Fearing for their lives the population began to call to each other and move back from the coast along the road. Pliny&#39;s mother requested him to abandon her and save his own life, as she was too corpulent and aged to go further, but seizing her hand he led her away as best he could. A rain of ash fell. Pliny found it necessary to shake off the ash periodically to avoid being buried. Later that same day the ash stopped falling and the sun shone weakly through the cloud, encouraging Pliny and his mother to return to their home and wait for news of Pliny the Elder. The letter compares the ash to a blanket of snow. Evidently the earthquake and tsunami damage at that location were not severe enough to prevent continued use of the home.</p><br>
<h3>Pliny the Elder</h3><br>
<p>Plinys uncle Pliny the Elder was in command of the Roman fleet at Misenum, and had meanwhile decided to investigate the phenomenon at close hand in a light vessel. As the ship was preparing to leave the area, a messenger came from his friend Rectina (wife of Tascius) living on the coast near the foot of the volcano, explaining that her party could only get away by sea and asking for rescue. Pliny ordered the immediate launching of the fleet galleys to the evacuation of the coast. He continued in his light ship to the rescue of Rectinas party.</p><br>
<p>He set off across the bay but in the shallows on the other side encountered thick showers of hot cinders, lumps of pumice, and pieces of rock. Advised by the helmsman to turn back he stated "Fortune favors the brave" and ordered him to continue on to Stabiae (about 4.5 km from Pompeii), where Pomponianus was. Pomponianus had already loaded a ship with possessions and was preparing to leave, but the same onshore wind that brought Pliny&#39;s ship to the location had prevented anyone from leaving.</p><br>
<p>Pliny and his party saw flames coming from several parts of the mountain, which Pliny and his friends attributed to burning villages. After staying overnight, the party was driven from the building by an accumulation of material which threatened to block all egress. They woke Pliny, who had been napping and emitting loud snoring. They elected to take to the fields with pillows tied to their heads to protect them from rockfall. They approached the beach again but the wind had not changed. Pliny sat down on a sail that had been spread for him and could not rise even with assistance when his friends departed, escaping ultimately by land. Very likely, he had collapsed and died, which is the most popular explanation of why his friends abandoned him, although Suetonius offers an alternative story of his ordering a slave to kill him to avoid the pain of incineration. How the slave would have escaped to tell the tale remains a mystery. There is no mention of such an event in his nephew&#39;s letters.</p><br>
<p>In the first letter to Tacitus his nephew suggested that his death was due to the reaction of his weak lungs to a cloud of poisonous, sulphurous gas that wafted over the group. However, Stabiae was 16 km from the vent (roughly where the modern town of Castellammare di Stabia is situated) and his companions were apparently unaffected by the fumes, and so it is more likely that the corpulent Pliny died from some other cause, such as a stroke or heart attack. An asthmatic attack is also not out of the question. His body was found with no apparent injuries on the next day, after dispersal of the plume.</p><br>
<h2>Casualties from the eruption</h2><br>
<p>Along with Pliny the Elder, the only other noble casualties of the eruption to be known by name were Agrippa (a son of the Jewish princess Drusilla and the procurator Antonius Felix) and his wife.</p><br>
<p>By 2003 around 1,044 casts made from impressions of bodies in the ash deposits had been recovered in and around Pompeii, with the scattered bones of another 100. The remains of about 332 bodies have been found at Herculaneum (300 in arched vaults discovered in 1980). What percentage these numbers are of the total dead or the percentage of the dead to the total number at risk remain completely unknown.</p><br>
<p>Thirty-eight percent of the 1044 were found in the ash fall deposits, the majority inside buildings. These are thought to have been killed mainly by roof collapses, with the smaller number of victims found outside buildings probably killed by falling roof slates or by larger rocks thrown out by the volcano. This differs from modern experience, since over the last four hundred years only around 4% of victims have been killed by ash falls during explosive eruptions. The remaining 62% of remains found at Pompeii were in the pyroclastic surge deposits, and thus were probably killed by them. It was initially believed that due to the state of the bodies found at Pompeii and the outline of clothes on the bodies it was unlikely that high temperatures were a significant cause. But in 2010, studies indicated that during the fourth pyroclastic surge – the first surge to reach Pompeii – temperatures reached 300 &deg;C. Volcanologist Giuseppe Mastrolorenzo, who led the study noted that "(It was) enough to kill hundreds of people in a fraction of a second". In reference as to why the bodies were frozen in suspended action, "The contorted postures are not the effects of a long agony, but of the cadaveric spasm, a consequence of heat shock on corpses."</p><br>
<p>Herculaneum, which was much closer to the crater, was saved from tephra falls by the wind direction, but was buried under 23 m of material deposited by pyroclastic surges. It is likely that most, or all, of the known victims in this town were killed by the surges, particularly given evidence of high temperatures found on the skeletons of the victims found in the arched vaults, and the existence of carbonised wood in many of the buildings.</p><br>
<p>These people were all caught on the former seashore by the first surge and died of thermal shock but not of carbonization, although some were partly carbonized by later and hotter surges. The arched vaults were most likely boathouses, as the crossbeams in the overhead were probably for the suspension of boats. No boats have been found, indicating they may have been used for the earlier escape of some of the population. The rest were concentrated in the chambers at a density of as high as 3 persons per square meter. As only 85 m of the coast have been excavated, the casualties waiting to be excavated may well be as high as the thousands.</p><br>
<h2>Date of the eruption</h2><br>
<p>The year of the eruption is pinned to AD 79 by references in contemporary Roman writers, a number of them apart from Pliny the Younger, and has never been seriously questioned. It is determined by the well-known events of the reign of Titus. Vespasian died that year. When Titus visited Pompeii to give orders for the relief of the displaced population, he was the sole ruler. In the year after the eruption, AD 80, he faced another disaster, a great fire at Rome.</p><br>
<p>The time of year is stated once in one historical document, the first letter of Pliny the Younger to Tacitus, where it appears as "nonum kal. Septembres". This seems to be an abbreviation of a standard date, to be interpreted as "the ninth day before the Kalends of September", which in the Julian calendar, in general use by then, would have been eight days before September 1, that is August 24 (the Romans counted September 1 as one of the nine).</p><br>
<p>August 24 is not necessarily the date given by Pliny. It represents an editorial collusion to use the manuscript text of Plinys letters in the Medicean Laurentian Library, which also appears in the edition printed by Aldus Manutius (1508) and in all recensions since then, even though the numerous other Pliny manuscripts, as well as the works of other authors, offer many alternative dates. Unfortunately, the portion of Tacitus Histories in which he most likely made specific use of the letter – requested for that purpose from his friend Pliny – and where he would have mentioned the date, does not survive; although Tacitus would have made use of Plinys letter, the textual traditions of the two works, with their likely references to the date, would have been completely separate and not contaminated by each other. Since the textual tradition of any of Tacitus works through the Middle Ages, up to the first printed editions, is much slimmer than that of Pliny&#39;s letters, and rests directly on relatively early textual witnesses (although the direct parent codices of these have been lost) the risk of multiple scribal errors and variants of the date creeping in would have been much smaller for this lost Tacitus text.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological dissent from this view began with the work of Carlo Maria Rosini in 1797, to be followed by a succession of archaeologists putting forward evidence to the contrary, though mainstream scholarly opinion has long been in favour of August 24. Discussion on the subject has increased somewhat in recent years. Some of the archaeological evidence from Pompeii does suggest that the town may likely have been buried about two or three months later. For example, people interred in the ashes appear to be wearing warmer clothing than the light summer clothes that would be expected in August. The fresh fruit, olives, and vegetables in the shops are typical of October, and conversely the summer fruit that would have been typical of August was already being sold in dried, or conserved form. Wine fermenting jars had been sealed over, and this would have happened around the end of October. The coins found in the purse of a woman buried in the ash include a commemorative coin that should have been minted at the end of September.</p><br>
<p>A 2007 study by Rolandi, De Lascio, and Stefani of 20 years of data concerning wind direction at meteorological stations in Rome and Brindisi established wind patterns in the Vesuvius area above 14 km with more precision than was previously known. From June through August the winds blow strongly from the west, for the rest of the time, from the east. This fact was known, but the easterly winds of the eruption were considered anomalous in August, caused (conjecturally) by the weak and shifting winds of the transition. The authors argued that the winds of 79 produced long depositional patterns and therefore would not have been this weak, and that the transition occurs in September, not August (their reference data, though, is from modern weather observations and might not match the patterns of those same months in antiquity with precision). The authors therefore reject the August date as being inconsistent with the patterns of nature.</p><br>
<p>The rejection is not of Plinys eyewitness account or of Plinys date, as transmitted in the text read in modern times. The rejection focuses on manuscript variants looking for possible sources of copyist alteration of Pliny&#39;s date. In some ancient and medieval manuscripts of other authors, the month has been omitted. If some original had no month, then the copyists may have felt obliged to provide one, but chose wrongly. Rolandi et al. suggest an original date of a.d. IX kal dec (November 23) or a.d. ix kal nov (October 24) more in line with the evidence of weather observations and wind patterns. The question remains an open one, and different reliable scholarly sources (modern secondary sources and discussions) continue to propose different dates.</p><br>
<p>Mount Kupe or Mont Koupé is a plutonic mountain in the Western High Plateau of Cameroon, part of the Cameroon line of volcanoes. It is the highest of the Bakossi mountains, rising to 2,064 m.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is revered by the local Bakossi people as the home of their ancestral and forest spirits.</p><br>
<p>Missionaries in the 1890s observed that the mountain had a strong magical reputation, and it still has an important role in beliefs related to ekong, a form of witchcraft.</p><br>
<p>The mountain used to be forest-covered apart from a few small grassy areas near the summit. The causes of deforestation in the Bakossi landscape, are shifting cultivation, logging for timber, felling for fuelwood, growth and expansion of human settlements and establishment of pasture lands.</p><br>
<p>All sides of the mountain have been steadily converted to agricultural use.</p><br>
<p>Forest has been cleared up to 1,500m on the eastern slopes and up to between 750m and 1,100m on the western and northern sides, above the villages of Mbule and Nyasoso.</p><br>
<p>As of 2010, there was still primary mid-altitude and montane rainforest on the northern side.</p><br>
<p>The cloud forest supports rich biodiversity, and is home to chimpanzees and several species of threatened primates.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Kupe bushshrike Telophorus kupeensis is known to be endangered due to its small range and declining quality of its habitat.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Kupe Forest Project was at first managed by BirdLife International, later by WWF-UK and then by WWF-Cameroon. As of 2010 the project was dormant.</p><br>
<p>Scaletta Pass   is a mountain pass in the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. It lies in the Albula Range of the Alps. The path from Dischma leads to Cinuos-chel in the Inn Valley. This means it is a crossing from the German spoken Davos area into the romansh spoken Engadin and additionally a crossing from the northerly drainage basin of the river Rhine flowing into the North Sea and the south side of the drainage divide, emptying its waters into the Black Sea via Inn  and Danube.</p><br>
<p>During summer Scaletta pass combines several routes for hikers and Mountainbikers. Instead of just crossing the main pass you can also head via Val Funtauna towards Keschhütte and continue to Bergün. An annual Swiss Alpine Marathon crosses the pass as well.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Scaletta Pass (s-chaletta: romansch for „little stair“) lies on a medieval inner-alpine route from Chur via Davos to S-chanf in the Engadin valley, continuing via Chaschauna Pass to Veltlin. Ancient installations for horse traffic on Dürrboden on the northern side and Susauna on the south side as well as the historic hospice at La Chapella witness the former transport route. When the road across the Flüela pass was built between 1866 and 1868, the Scaletta Pass lost any economic importance it once had.</p><br>
<p>Wrede School is located at 3929 S. State Highway 16, Fredericksburg, Gillespie County, Texas. It was first built in 1896. The school district was consolidated with Fredericksburg Independent School District in 1960. The schoolhouse now serves as a community center. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in Texas on June 1, 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Community background</h2><br>
<p>The land on which the schoolhouse sits was owned by Friedrich Wilhelm von Wrede Jr (1820–?) who was born in Germany. Friedrich Jr. first came to Texas as a teenager with his family in 1836. He returned alone to Germany in 1843, but came back to Texas in 1844 as Adelsverein secretary to Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfels. He helped settle New Braunfels, and was one of the group who accompanied John O. Meusebach on the trip to make the 1847 Meusebach–Comanche Treaty. Wrede remained in Fredericksburg to establish a business enterprise. From 1850–1851, he served as County Clerk of Gillespie County. He married Sophie Bonzano, and the first four of their children were born in Fredericksburg. During the Civil War, Wrede served in the Gillespie Rifles, Thirty-first Brigade, under Captain Charles H. Nimitz, grandfather of Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz. In 1865, the Wrede family returned to Germany.</p><br>
<p>Friedrich Wilhelm von Wrede Sr. (1786–1845) was the author of Lebensbilder aus den vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika und Texas (Sketches of life in the United States of North America and Texas) first published in 1844 and later reprinted in English in 1970. The book was influential in persuading prospective German colonists to emigrate to Texas. He was a manager of Nassau Plantation. He and botanist Oscar von Claren were scalped and murdered in 1845 by Indians while camped near Austin.</p><br>
<h2>School</h2><br>
<p>The first schoolhouse was constructed in 1896, from lumber hauled in from Comfort. The water supply was a hand dug well. The first school session opened with forty-six students on October 15, 1896. The Pedernales school and Bear Creek school were combined with Wrede in 1949. During its peak enrollment period in the 1950s, two teachers served fifty-three students. Teacher salary spanned the $28 a month paid in 1896 to upwards of $288 by 1959. Over its sixty-four year history, twenty-four teachers served the student body. Unusual for a community where only German was spoken in homes, speaking the German language on the school grounds was not allowed.</p><br>
<p>The school was consolidated with Fredericksburg Independent School District in 1960. Currently, the school is used as a community center and serves as a polling place during elections. The Friends of Gillespie County Country Schools has included Wrede in their preservation efforts.</p><br>
<p>Wrede school was added to the National Register of Historic Places in Texas on June 1, 2005.</p><br>
<p>Larisa  was an ancient Greek city in the south-west of the Troad region of Anatolia. Its surrounding territory was known in Greek as the Λαρισαῖα . It has been located on a small rise by the coast now known as Limantepe, about 3.5 km from the village of Kösedere to the north-east and 3 km from the village of Babadere to the east, in the Ayvacık district of Çanakkale province, Turkey. As with other Greek toponyms containing the consonantal string -ss-, spellings that drop one s exist alongside those that retain both in the ancient literary sources. Larisa in the Troad should not be confused with Aeolian Larisa, near Menemen, or with Ionian Larisa in İzmir province.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Bronze Age</h3><br>
<p>Ceramic finds of Early Bronze Age III (c. 2700 - c. 2200 BC) and Troy VI material suggest that Limantepe had been occupied since the mid-3rd millennium BC by a pre-Greek population. The Augustan geographer Strabo considered the toponym Laris(s)a to be Pelasgian, and it was understood by lexicographers in Antiquity to mean citadel. The specific attribution to the little understood Pelasgians should be treated with caution, as scholars now generally consider this a catch-all term used by Greeks to refer to the non-Greek peoples whom they knew had previously inhabited Asia Minor, but understood little about. Nevertheless, modern philologists do consider the consonantal string -ss- to be pre-Greek, and possibly Luwian, in origin, and so it is quite possible that the name Larisa represents a pre-Greek survival.</p><br>
<h3>Archaic and Classical</h3><br>
<p>We hear nothing about Larisa in the Archaic Greek period from our literary sources, but ceramic finds at Limantepe indicate Greek occupation from the late 8th century BC. In 427 BC Larisa was one of the so-called Actaean cities that Athens took from Mytilene following the end of the Mytilenean revolt, and it appears in the Athenian tribute assessments in 425/424 BC and 422/421 BC. In 425/424 BC it had an assessment of 3 talents, a relatively high figure compared to other cities in the Troad. As a former member of the Mytilenaean peraia, it is thought that the Greeks who originally settled Larisa were from Mytilene, as was the case with the other Actaean cities. A corrupt passage of Strabo used to be understood as instead supporting the idea that Larisa and its neighbour to the north Kolonai belonged to the peraia of the island of Tenedos, but scholars now prefer to restore Lesbos in the lacuna. Larisa was forcibly re-incorporated into the Persian Empire in 399 BC before being freed once more by the Spartan Dercylidas in 398 BC.</p><br>
<p>The relatively high Athenian tribute assessment for Larisa of 3 talents suggests that during the Classical period it was a comparatively wealthy settlement. It lay in a large fertile plain between the Acheloos river to the north and the Satnioeis river to the south that would have provided good farmland. In addition, it had access in Classical Antiquity to an excellent harbour. Its border to the south with Hamaxitus was marked by the Satnioeis river (modern Tuzla Çay), and for a period in the late 4th century BC it may have controlled the lucrative salt pans at Tragasai, which, though north of the Satnioeis, were in general controlled by Hamaxitus. Beyond the Acheloos lay the territory of Kolonai, which appears to have been in some sort of semi-dependent relationship with Larisa, further increasing the city&#39;s revenues.</p><br>
<h3>Hellenistic and Roman</h3><br>
<p>The history of Larisa in the Hellenistic period is extremely obscure. It has generally been thought that Larisa lost its political independence in a synoecism with Antigoneia Troas c. 310 BC. However, the eminent French epigrapher Louis Robert consistently challenged this view, arguing that Larisa and Hamaxitus remained independent until after the Treaty of Apamea. Moreover, he proposed on the basis of a legend on a coin found at Limantepe (the site of Larisa) that for a period in the 3rd century BC Larisa was refounded by the Ptolemaic dynasty as Ptolemais. This theory has by no means won universal favour, and at present there is too little archaeological or numismatic evidence to decide the matter. Whether or not Larisa was still a polis at the time, the Delphic thearodokoi stopped off there c. 230 - 220 BC, indicating that there was still a settlement of some description on the site at this point. However, by the beginning of the Roman period Larisa appears to have been abandoned altogether.</p><br>
<p>The Eastern Ore Mountains  form a natural region of Saxony that covers the eastern part  of the Saxon Ore Mountains range. Together with the Western and Central Ore Mountains, it is part of the larger Saxon Highlands and Uplands region. Its southern continuation beyond the German border covers an area of roughly the same extent in the Czech Republic.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The region is bounded in the west by the valley of the Flöha river, itself part of the Central Ore Mountains region. In the northeast it borders on Saxon Switzerland, the German (northern) side of the Elbe Sandstone Mountains, at Bad Gottleuba. The boundary with the Ore Mountain Foreland to the north is rather unclear, roughly running from the town of Flöha along the Tharandt Forest to Tharandt. In the south, the crest of the mountain range closely follows the state border with the Czech Republic.</p><br>
<p>The highest point in the German (Saxon) region is the 905 m high Kahleberg. The highest peak on the Czech side is the Loučná (Wieselstein, at ).</p><br>
<p>The upper regions of the Eastern Ore Mountains in the district of Mittelsachsen are part of the Ore Mountains/Vogtland Nature Park. The region includes the prominent Geisingberg peak as well as the Georgenfelder Hochmoor protected area.</p><br>
<h2>Settlements</h2><br>
<h2>Rivers and lakes</h2><br>
<h2>Nature reserves</h2><br>
<p>The upper areas of the Eastern Ore Mountains are part of the Ore Mountains/Vogtland Nature Park and include the following nature reserves:</p><br>
<p>Black Grouse reserve of Fürstenau</p><br>
<p>Fürstenau Heath nature reserve</p><br>
<p>Protected mountain meadows in the Eastern Ore Mountains - a major conservation area with its own unique linear cairns</p><br>
<p>Geisingberg nature reserve</p><br>
<p>Georgenfelder Hochmoor</p><br>
<p>Yorath is a small island, 151 acre in size, in the South Saskatchewan River just outside the southern boundaries of the city of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The island is relatively new, and did not exist when the land was first surveyed in 1903. This island is managed by the Meewasin Valley Authority; it is not accessible by road , but can be seen from the Maple Grove  area. The island is named after Christopher J. Yorath, who in 1913 became the commissioner of Saskatoon. Yorath is best known for an extensive, forward-thinking planning document published in 1913 that proposed future residential and road layout for Saskatoon, and he originated the idea of the City developing an "Encircling Boulevard&quot in 2013 this proposal came to fruition with the completion of the Circle Drive freeway project. Ironically, Yorath&#39;s document proposed the Encircling Boulevard cross through what would later be named Yorath Island; the final Circle Drive passes to the north of the island, which is undeveloped save for a set of power lines that cross the river and the northern tip of the island.</p><br>
<p>Within North America the Island is one of the farthest northern examples of a cottonwood forest. The island also support 23 different types of shrubs and a mixture of wildlife (including the Cooper’s Hawk, coyotes, red foxes, river otter, porcupine, beaver and deer).</p><br>
<p>Mechanics Hall is a historic commercial building and meeting hall at 519 Congress Street in downtown Portland, Maine. Built in 1857-59 by and for the members of the Maine Charitable Mechanical Association, it is a well-preserved example of commercial Italianate architecture executed in brick and stone, and a landmark in Portland&#39;s downtown business district. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. The building is still owned by the association, which has a library and sponsors events.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Mechanics Hall is located on the north side of Congress Street in downtown Portland, at the northeast corner with Casco Street. It is a two story masonry structure, appearing three stories in height owing to an extremely tall (33 ft) second floor. It is covered by a truncated hip roof. Its front facade is finished in granite, while its sides and rear are finished in brick beyond the first bay. The front facade has a pair of commercial storefronts flanking the main building entrance, each storefront having a central recessed entrance. The main entrance is framed by paneled stone posts topped by a lintel on which the building name is incised. The upper-level windows are set in tall openings with rounded-arch tops and quoining of rough textured stone. A bracketed cornice projects along the street-facing sides. The interior of the building has hall on the ground floor with access from both Congress and Casco Streets, and space for the association&#39;s library. The upper floor, which originally housed a large meeting space, has been divided into two floors.</p><br>
<p>The Maine Charitable Mechanical Association (MCMA) was formed in 1815 as a charitable and educational association for workers in the "mechanical arts". It sponsored, exhibitions, trade fairs, and lectures on a variety of topics, and accumulated a library.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This building was constructed in 1857-59, by members of the association, to a design by Thomas P. Sparrow, also an association member. It is one of only three designs by Sparrow known to survive, and it is the finest of the three.</p><br>
<p>Designer Thomas P. Sparrow was a native Portland architect. The building was constructed from Biddeford granite and stone. The building was dedicated on February 23, 1859. In 1861 it was used by troops heading to fight the Civil War. The building survived the Great Fire of 1866 and was used afterward for municipal services.</p><br>
<p>The upper level interior space was modified in 1890 to plans drawn up by noted Portland architect John Calvin Stevens, converting it to office space and a larger library space.</p><br>
<p>The building underwent interior and exterior restoration in the 2010s. In March 2015 the refurbished ballroom was opened to the public for the first time in over fifty years. Refurbishment of the cast iron details at the building&#39;s base were recognized with a preservation award in 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Nkam River rises in the Western High Plateau in the West Region of Cameroon, and joins the Makombé River to become the Wouri River. It is known to tourists for the spectacular Chutes d&#39;Ekom, an 80 m high waterfall about 30 km from Bafang.</p><br>
<p>To the south of the town of Dschang, the Santchou Faunal Reserve lies to the east of the river.</p><br>
<h2>Fish farming</h2><br>
<p>Annual flooding in the river valley provides millions of catfish juveniles.</p><br>
<p>These are caught for immediate consumption, or to restock ponds used for aquaculture.</p><br>
<p>The fish ponds are prepared at the end of the dry season, with bottom mud removed and the fish shelters repaired.</p><br>
<p>The ponds are invaded by weedy grasses and shrubs during the early part of the rainy season, from April until July.</p><br>
<p>Normally, the Nkam river floods from July to October, when fish migrate to the ponds.</p><br>
<p>Between January and March the water retreats, the ponds are drained and the fish harvested.</p><br>
<p>The Elton Hotel is located on West Main Street in downtown Waterbury, Connecticut, United States. It is an early 20th-century building by local architects Griggs & Hunt in the Second Renaissance Revival architectural style.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1904 to replace a lavish hotel lost in a fire that destroyed much of downtown Waterbury two years earlier. To the surprise of its investors, mainly prominent local businessmen, it turned a profit within a year of its opening. F. Scott Fitzgerald was a guest, and James Thurber is said to have written "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty", during a stay of his. On the eve of the 1960 election, John F. Kennedy gave an early-morning speech from the hotel that was credited with helping him win Connecticut. It continued to be used as a hotel until the early 1970s.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1970s, when the Downtown Waterbury Historic District was created, the hotel building was included as a contributing property. In 1983, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places individually. Since then it has been converted into professional office space and senior housing.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The hotel is located on the north side of West Main, at the east corner with Prospect Street. It occupies a lot of a quarter-acre, about a thousand square feet (1,000 ft&sup2;). On the opposite corner is Immaculate Conception Church, a Baroque Revival Roman Catholic church built in the late 1920s. To the west, on the corner with North Main Street, is another, smaller office building of similar vintage. Across the street is Waterbury Green, the two-acre (2 acre) downtown park at the center of the city. The surrounding neighborhood is similar high-density urban mixed-use development, with many other buildings dating to the same period and earlier, reflecting contemporary styles.</p><br>
<p>The building itself is a 100-foot (30.5 m) square six-story seven-bay steel frame structure surfaced in buff brick. It is topped with a flat roof. The south (front) facade projects slightly; within that the central five bays project as well.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>On the first story the face is rusticated limestone. Round-arched openings, set with opening casement windows muntined in wooden ogee curves, have scroll keystones with carved acanthus leaves and floral festoons. Below them are small basement windows screened by curved bombe grilles. The main entrance is centrally located in a flat-roofed projecting portico.</p><br>
<p>A limestone stringcourse sets off the top of the story. The second-story windows have scrolled keystones as well, but over smaller, rectangular openings. They, and all the other window bays on the upper stories, are filled by eight-over-one sash windows, in the outer four bays and recessed French doors in the inner three, opening onto a balcony with wrought iron railing supported in the middle by the entrance portico and on the sides by large scrolled brackets. The brickwork echoes the rustication below and is further quoined at the corners.</p><br>
<p>Another limestone stringcourse divides the second and third stories. At this level copper-sheathed oriel windows fill the two bays flanking the center and continue for the next two stories. Quoins set them off as well, and the oriels are decorated with corner pilasters, recessed panels below the openings and classical cornices in a different motif on each level: a round pediment and dentils on the third story, straight with small mutules at the fourth, and large mutules and a cartouche on the fifth.</p><br>
<p>The other windows on the third and fourth stories are set within slightly recessed two-story rounded arches. They are topped with keystones supporting carved stone motifs above their lintels. Those on the third story have swags, with wreaths in the arch on the fourth.</p><br>
<p>Projecting bricks, interrupted by the quoins and oriels, set off the fifth story. The windows there have less decoration, primarily splayed-brick lintels similar to those on the two stories below but with a projecting keystone. At the top of the oriel is another balcony like the one on the second story, with scrolled brackets supporting it in the center as well. On the sixth floor French doors again open onto the balcony from recessed openings; the outer windows are the plainest on the facade, slightly recessed with a projecting brick surround, divided from each other by recessed panels.</p><br>
<p>At either upper corner of the panels begins the copper roofline treatment. More large scrolled brackets and mutules support projecting eaves create a cornice effect. Atop them is a pattern in which narrow niches alternate with large copper cartouches. Large stylized foot scrolls support a flagpole in the center.</p><br>
<p>The other side facing a street, the west facade looking out on Prospect Street, has a similar appearance. Its four projecting oriels go up an additional story. On the ground floor the central entrance is round arched, and the flanking windows are rectangular, done in stained glass with a heraldric motif on their upper section. The windows alternate between large major openings and smaller minor ones.</p><br>
<p>The north facade, the building&#39;s rear, is its plainest. It is done in red brick with segmental-arched windows having no additional ornament. The east facade, overlooking a narrow alley between the hotel and its lower neighbor, is midway between the north and south in terms of decoration. Here the building is U-shaped, with an airshaft opening in one bay. A copper railing with bulbed balustrade runs along the top of the first story; behind it is the skylight that once lit the dining room.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>Ionic columns with an unusual pattern of alternating fluted and smooth drums support a frieze with alternating triglyph and paterae. Behind them similar pilasters form an arched deeply recessed porch. In the walls are marble niches with a floral carving on top. The porch&#39;s soffit has a large central panel outlined by a wreath of carved fruit and flowers. The doorway itself has sidelights and a transom below a dentilated broken pediment.</p><br>
<p>The interior has undergone some changes since its conversion into office space and then its current use as an assisted living facility. In the lobby, some original features, like the columns and cornice, have been painted and enclosed. The original marble floor and mantels remain, with the latter now in offices that have been created. Above the east one is a realist 1930s mural depicting Waterbury&#39;s industries.</p><br>
<p>To the west, the ballroom has had its barrel vaulted ceiling with egg and dart molded cornice mostly hidden by a modern ceiling. It can still be seen from a second floor doorway. It is off the west stairway, which retains its original pilasters, archway and plaster ceiling decoration. The east stairway likewise has its original paneled wainscoting. They and the elevator lead to upper floors where corridors with their original door surrounds lead to offices and rooms that have much of their original trim, including deep cornices, paneling and molded baseboards.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>By 1900 Waterbury had carved a niche for itself in American industry. With two of the countrys major brassmakers headquartered there, it was "The Brass City". The buildings of downtown were primarily sophisticated Italianate structures that reflected the citys achievements and aspirations. In 1902, a fire burned a three-acre (1.2 ha) area on the east side of Waterbury Green, destroying 42 buildings in the process.</p><br>
<p>The city was stricken, but not devastated. The fire had created an opportunity to rebuild and redefine itself, and the money was there. Many of downtown Waterburys major buildings, such as Cass Gilberts municipal center, were erected in the years afterwards.</p><br>
<p>One of the burnt buildings that had mattered a great deal to the citys business community was the Scovill Hotel, the citys finest. To replace it, the Scovills and other families prominent in the brass and other industries pooled their money, a total of $300,000 ($ in contemporary dollars) to build a newer, more sophisticated hotel for visiting business travelers. It was named after J.S. Elton, founder of the Waterbury Brass Company, since he and his son had contributed the greatest portion.</p><br>
<p>Wilfred E. Griggs, a Waterbury native who had studied at Yale and Columbia, was given the commission. He had already designed two distinctive buildings in the city, the nearby Odd Fellows Hall, a rare use of the Venetian Gothic, and the offices of the Waterbury Clock Company. His design for the hotel featured an elegant exterior, in which many Second Renaissance Revival features like a flat roof, bracketed cornice and quoins were augmented by the classically inspired carved stone ornamentation like the flowers, fruits and festoons, and the smaller-scale elements like the ogee curves in the windows, decoration more common on Beaux-Arts structures of the era. It covered a modern interior that used some of the newest technologies, from its steel frame structural system to the elevators, electric lighting and telephones in every room.</p><br>
<p>The hotels investors did not expect it to turn a profit, at least for a while, since their primary aim was to provide the city with a hotel equivalent to those found in larger cities, and they could absorb the loss. Nevertheless, it made money in its first year of operation. Its restaurants were popular and its ballroom became the site of all the citys most desirable social events. Almon C. Judd, the manager, made it the starting point for the "Ideal Tour", in which a convoy of motorists would depart from Waterbury to visit major resort hotels in northern New England, at sites like Crawford Notch, Sunapee Lake and Poland Spring.</p><br>
<p>Guests in the early 20th century would include F. Scott Fitzgerald, Rosalind Russell and Lefty Gomez. In the late 1930s, James Thurber lived in the area and frequently went into town with his wife to run errands. Those trips inspired his short story, "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty", later published in The New Yorker, widely reprinted and considered a classic of American literature.</p><br>
<p>In it, the title character and his wife visit Waterbury to run errands. Thurber describes Mitty as, having completed his errands, returning to a hotel lobby where they have agreed to meet. While sitting in a leather chair, he lapses into one of his daydreams about being a combat air pilot, until his wife returns. It is believed that the hotel described was the Elton.</p><br>
<p>On October 10, 1922 a group of 15 men, led by Dr. Anthony P. Vastola, met in the basement of the Elton and established Unico National, an Italian American service organization to engage in charitable works, support higher education, and perform patriotic deeds. The organization now has over 7,000 members in 140 local chapters in 19 states. A plaque commemorating the establishment of the organization is affixed the font of the building.</p><br>
<p>At some point in the late 1950s the Elton was renamed the Roger Smith Hotel. At 3 a.m. on November 6, 1960, John F. Kennedy spoke to a crowd estimated to be at least 40,000 gathered on the Green from the hotels balcony, the concluding stop of an election-eve motorcade up the Naugatuck Valley. It was one of his last speeches of that years election. The size of the crowd, and the enthusiasm with which they greeted Kennedy both at the speech and when he attended Mass at Immaculate Conception in the morning, led state Democratic chairman John Moran Bailey to predict that the senator from Massachusetts would carry the state, then dominated by Republicans. Two days later, Connecticut voted by an even larger margin than he had predicted for Kennedy, the first time it had supported a Democrat since 1944.</p><br>
<p>Pierre Salinger would later call this the greatest night of the campaign. A commemorative plaque was later affixed to the railing. In 1980, Ronald Reagan spoke on the Green and alluded to Kennedys speech as a way of identifying himself with Kennedy. By the time of Reagans visit, the Elton was no longer a hotel and had been converted into offices. Today it is The Elton Residential Care, an assisted living facility.</p><br>
<p>The Red Men Hall, listed as the Redmen&#39;s Hall, is a historic structure that houses a fraternal organization near the coast in the San Pedro community of Los Angeles, California.</p><br>
<h2>Historic structure</h2><br>
<p>Initially built as a library in 1915, the hall is a two-story American Craftsman style structure located on a hillside overlooking the Port of Los Angeles. The interior contains local wood paneling and exposed ceiling beams. The City designated the hall as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument (HCM #751) in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Fraternal organization</h2><br>
<p>A local lodge of the Improved Order of Red Men, a fraternal organization which draws customs assumed to be used by Native American, has occupied the building for nearly all of its existence. Sequoia Tribe No. 140 remains active in their "San Pedro Wigwam" although the national organization has dwindled in membership.</p><br>
<p>Son Tra Mountain , known to American soldiers during the Vietnam War as Monkey Mountain, is a mountain located on Son Tra Peninsula, in Sơn Trà district, Đà Nẵng, Vietnam, overlooking the Bay of Da Nang and the East Sea. Đà Nẵng Ports Tiên Sa Terminal is located at the base of the mountains western face, as is nearby Tiên Sa Beach. Monkey Mountain Facility, a former USA military base during the Vietnam War is also located on the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Y Pha Nho Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>Located on Yet Kieu Road, just before Tien Sa port gates. It is a collective graveyard for French and Spanish soldiers who died in the Franco-Spanish expedition under the command of Admiral Charles Rigault de Genouilly in the first failed attempt to conquer Tourane (Da Nang now) from 1858 to 1860.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery consists of a small white chapel, with a modest shrine inside and 32 large and unlabeled small sized graves. Inscribed inside the chapel there is a commemorative plaque with the following inscription:</p><br>
<p>"A la Memoire des combattants Français et de l&#39;Expédition Espagnols Rigault de Genouilly. Mort en 1858-59-60 en lieux et ensevelissement”.</p><br>
<p>"To the memory of French and Spanish soldiers of the expedition of Rigault de Genouilly. Died in 1858-59-60 and buried here".</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was inaugurated in 1898.</p><br>
<h2>Linh Ung Pagoda</h2><br>
<p>Linh Ung Pagoda is located in an area known locally as Bai But or Buddha’s Sanctuary towards Hoang Sa road. It is the largest pagoda in Central Vietnam.</p><br>
<p>Lady Buddha Da Nang statue is inside Linh Ung pagoda courtyard with a height of 67m, being the tallest Buddha statue in Vietnam. It can virtually be seen from every corner of Da Nang, becoming an attractive tourist site of the city.</p><br>
<h2>Ban Co Peak</h2><br>
<p>Ban Co (Chessboard in English) peak is the highest mountain in Son Tra peninsula, standing at nearly 600 m above sea level. From Ban Co peak, visitors can enjoy spectacular panoramic views over the entire Da Nang city, Hai Van pass, Lien Chieu bay, Ba Na Hills, Cham islands and the sea far away.</p><br>
<p>The Lyons Station Stagecoach Stop, , was a tavern and stagecoach stop near the southwest corner of Newhall Avenue and Sierra Highway, by Eternal Valley Cemetery. The site is located in the present day Newhall section of Santa Clarita, in Los Angeles County, California.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original Hart&#39;s Station house was just north over the San Fernando Pass on the Fort Tejon Road, north of the San Fernando Mission. The wagon road connected Los Angeles and the Gold Rush locations in the Sierras, and was part of the inland route to Sacramento and the San Francisco Bay Area. It was a regular stop for several early California stagecoach lines, and accommodated travelers during the 1853 Kern River gold rush.</p><br>
<h3>Lyons Station</h3><br>
<p>Wileys Station was purchased by Sanford and Cyrus Lyon in 1855, and it was renamed Lyons Station. The Lyon brothers owned the adobe and ranch land around it, where they farmed, raised sheep, and ran the watering place stop. Despite being named Lyons Station by the Lyon brothers as owners, it was still referred to by its original name of Harts Station in Daily Alta California news accounts of the first trip over the route in 1858. The sixth was Willow Springs Station, in the Temecula Valley.</p><br>
<p>In his book, "Sixty Years in Southern California," Harris Newmark writes about his visit to the station in 1856: We left Los Angeles early one afternoon, and made our first stop at Lyons&#39;s Station, where we put up for the night. One of the brothers, after whom the place was named, prepared supper. Having to draw some thick blackstrap from a keg, he used a pitcher to catch the treacle; and as the liquid ran very slowly, our sociable host sat down to talk a bit, and soon forgot all about what he had started to do. The molasses, however, although it ran pretty slowly, ran steadily, and finally, like the mush in the fairy-tale of the enchanted bowl, overflowed the top of the receptacle and spread itself over the dirt floor. When Lyons had finished his chat, he saw, to his intense chagrin, a new job upon his hands, and one likely to busy him for some time.</p><br>
<p>Over the years Lyons&#39; Station became a combination stagecoach stop, general store, and post office, with a telegraph office added after the telegraph line came to Los Angeles in 1861. By 1860 at least twenty families lived in the surrounding settlement.</p><br>
<h3>Petroleopolis</h3><br>
<p>Starting around 1867, Lyons Station came to be called Petroleopolis, as Sanford Lyon became involved in the early oil industry. A Petroleopolis Post Office operated from 1867-1871. Sanford Lyon was appointed its postmaster on July 23, 1869.</p><br>
<p>In 1874, the Los Angeles Petroleum Refinery Company built an oil refinery at Lyons Station. On September 6, 1876, the Southern Pacific Railroad line was opened between Los Angeles and Northern California, passing Petroleopolis via Newhall Pass. The railway also linked Southern California to the eastern USA via the transcontinental railroad in the north. The refinery at Lyons Station was unsuccessful and shut down in 1875, and in 1877 the parts were moved about a mile westward to Andrews Station directly on the railroad line, where a larger refinery was being built.</p><br>
<h2>California Historical Marker</h2><br>
<p>The site of Lyons Station is marked by California Historical Marker NO. 688, sited in front of the Eternal Valley Memorial Park at 23287 North Sierra Highway in Newhall, near California State Route 14 and Newhall Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Sodom Schoolhouse is a historic octagonal school in West Chillisquaque Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, United States reportedly built about 1812, 1835, or 1836 and used until 1915. It is located in a rural area on Pennsylvania Route 45 near several Scotch-Irish communities: the "small group of houses" formerly known as Sodom, which was about a mile east of the hamlet of Montandon, and about 3 miles east of a small town, Lewisburg.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The eight-sided single story school was built of limestone quarried nearby, has a single chimney in the center of the roof, seven windows, and a single door on the south side facing the road. A vestibule was once attached where students hung their coats. The inside was painted slate grey, and a wood-burning stove stood in the center. On the north wall was a blackboard, with a 30-foot long, 10-foot wide, 8–10-inch high platform for the teacher. The teacher&#39;s chair and desk were painted red. Two recitation benches faced the platform. Six long rough desks were placed parallel to the walls and two more were placed in the center of the room. Students within a three-mile radius attended, sometimes as many as 100 at one time, but usually only 40–60 students attended.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name of the school may come from the "Sodom Tavern" which did business in Montandon 1832–1855, or from the hamlet of Sodom which was named by Lot Carson, the owner of another tavern, who died by falling down a well while drunk. Carson may have donated much of the building material to the school. Until 1858 the school building was also used as a Methodist Church on Sundays. It was also used for political meetings and elections.</p><br>
<p>A cupola and bell once stood above the front door. Stories, or perhaps legends, say that the building of school was delayed by the start of the War of 1812 when the builders went off to war, and not completed until their return from the war. The hamlets of Montandon and Sodom, however, were not established until the 1830s and 1835 is a more commonly accepted construction date.</p><br>
<p>Several similar octagonal schools were built in Pennsylvania, especially in Chester County and rural Philadelphia County, for example the Birmingham Friends Octagonal School (1819) and the Hood Octagonal School (1841).</p><br>
<p>Restoration efforts started in 1935 and were completed in 1961 through the efforts of the Junior Historians Club at Milton High School.</p><br>
<p>The City Police Courts, now commonly called Minshull Street Crown Court, is a complex of court buildings on Minshull Street in Manchester, designed in 1867–73 by the architect Thomas Worthington. The court was designated a Grade II* listed building on 3 October 1974.</p><br>
<p>The style is Worthington&#39;s trademark flamboyant Flemish Gothic with a massive corner tower and a chimney stack styled as a campanile. The courts are constructed in red brick with sandstone dressings and steeply-pitched slate roofs. There is a profusion of animal carving by Earp and Hobbs. Worthington drew both on his rejected designs for the Town Hall, and on his earlier plans for Ellen Wilkinson High School, although the central tower he used there is placed asymmetrically at the Police Courts, due to the constraints of the site. The interior court rooms "have been preserved with relatively few alterations."</p><br>
<p>In 1993-96, the buildings were extensively modernised. The original courtyard was glazed over and an extension was added to the Aytoun Street side of the courts. The architect for these works was James Stevenson of the Hurd Rolland Partnership.</p><br>
<p>The Regattastrecke Oberschleißheim is a rowing venue situated in Oberschleißheim near München in Germany. It was built for the rowing and canoeing events of the 1972 Summer Olympics, and has since hosted numerous world rowing events.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1972 an artificial canoe sprint and rowing venue was created in Oberschleißheim for the Munich Olympic Summer Games. The course is 2 km long and 135 m wide, and is in regular use. The course is accessible through Munich&#39;s public transport and roading network. The stand has capacity for 9,500 spectators.</p><br>
<h2>Major events</h2><br>
<h3>Olympics</h3><br>
<p>*1972 Summer Olympics</p><br>
<h3>World Rowing Championships</h3><br>
<p>Two World Rowing Championships have been held at the venue:</p><br>
<p>*1981 World Rowing Championships</p><br>
<p>*2007 World Rowing Championships</p><br>
<h3>World Rowing Cup</h3><br>
<p>World Rowing Cups are regularly held at Oberschleißheim.</p><br>
<p>*1997 Rowing World Cup I</p><br>
<p>*1998 Rowing World Cup I</p><br>
<p>*2000 Rowing World Cup I</p><br>
<p>*2001 Rowing World Cup IV</p><br>
<p>*2002 Rowing World Cup III</p><br>
<p>*2003 Rowing World Cup II</p><br>
<p>*2004 Rowing World Cup II</p><br>
<p>*2005 Rowing World Cup II</p><br>
<p>*2006 Rowing World Cup I</p><br>
<p>*2008 Rowing World Cup I</p><br>
<p>*2009 Rowing World Cup II</p><br>
<p>*2010 Rowing World Cup II</p><br>
<p>*2011 Rowing World Cup I</p><br>
<p>Darra-e Kūr or Bābā Darwīsh, is an archaeological site in Badakhshan province in Afghanistan. It is situated just northeast of Kalafgān near the village of Chinār-i Gunjus Khān 63 km east of Taloqan, on the road to Faizabad. The cave is situated atop the side of the valley near the hamlet of Bābā Darwīsh.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Darra-e Kūr is a rock shelter, well-stratified in silt deposits, laid down by a stream. Approximately 800 stone implements were recovered, of two basic types: flint and sickle blades, and large diabase points. Other finds included celts, scrapers, pounders, blades, simple jewelry, fauna, such as fish, rodents, wild horse, domesticated sheep and goat and onager, a fragment of a human right temporal bone, many bone fossils and three fragments of tin and bronze. Unearthed pottery was mostly crude, black wares, sometimes decorated. The only architectural traces found were 80 post-holes, suggestive of tents. Three articulated goat burials were discovered.</p><br>
<p>Collection:</p><br>
<p>AMNH and Kabul Museum - excavated material.</p><br>
<p>Field-work:</p><br>
<p>1966 Louis Dupree, AMNH - excavations.</p><br>
<h2>Dating</h2><br>
<p>The Mousterian artefacts come from a layer that was dated to around 30,000 BP. One of the younger layers above, referred to by the site archaeologists as coming from a "Goat Cult" Neolithic layer, was dated to around 3780 BP.</p><br>
<p>Direct AMS dating of the temporal bone (NMNH 387961) reveals that the bone is a lot younger than previously thought, giving an age range of around 4530-4410 BP. Previously thought to have been from the Paleolithic, due to the presence of the bone among the layer containing Mousterian Levallois artefacts, direct dating has revealed that the bone is actually from the Neolithic. Researchers now believe that the temporal bone came from a later burial that intruded into the Mousterian layer, likely coming from the culture associated with the "Goat Cult" Neolithic layer.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeogenetics</h2><br>
<p>In 2017, researchers successfully extracted the DNA from both the petrous and squamous part of the Darra-e Kur temporal bone. The Darra-e Kur specimen is the first ancient human remain from Afghanistan from which DNA has been successfully sequenced. The individual was found to belong to Haplogroup H2a.</p><br>
<p>The Western Ore Mountains  is a natural region that forms the westernmost part of the Ore Mountains in the German federal state of Saxony. It is also part of the major landscape unit known as the Saxon Highlands and Uplands. It extends eastwards to include the valley of the Schwarzwasser, and, below its mouth, that of the Zwickauer Mulde, and incorporates the western parts of the former major units known as the Lower and Upper Western Ore Mountains , no. 423, as well as the Southern Slopes of the Ore Mountains , no. 420.</p><br>
<p>In the current classification system of natural regions, the Western Ore Mountains only covers the western part of the region that bore the same name in the preceding system, whilst the eastern part of that region is now part of the Central Ore Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The higher regions of the Western Ore Mountains are part of the Ore Mountains/Vogtland Nature Park.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Western Ore Mountains transition gradually towards the (south)west into the "historic" Vogtland region and even includes several of its villages, whilst the official boundary with the natural region of Vogtland, which has to be sharply defined, largely follows the watershed between the Ore Mountain rivers of the Zwickauer Mulde and, in the extreme south, the Zwota, with the Vogtland river of the White Elster, the central and southern part of this boundary lying somewhat to the east, so that the source regions of the eastern Elster tributaries are still counted as being in the Ore Mountains. The Vysoký kámen (Hoher Stein) near Erlbach is the southernmost mountain of the Ore Mountain range.</p><br>
<p>To the north the Western Ore Mountains descend to the gently rolling Ore Mountain Basin and the town of Zwickau, whilst the mountain range continues to the south on the far side of the border with the Czech Republic. The state border largely follows the ridgeline of the mountains, which continues southwest on both sides of the border into the Elstergebirge and the natural region of Vogtland. The 805 m high Hoher Brand, which is generally accepted as being in the Elstergebirge range, because it is located southwest of the Zwota, officially belongs to the natural region of the Western Ore Mountains.</p><br>
<p>In the south is the highest point on Saxon soil, the Auersberg (1019 m NN), northwest of Johanngeorgenstadt. It is overlooked by the 1043 m high Blatenský vrch (Plattenberg) southeast of the town and on the other side of the international border.</p><br>
<h2>Settlements</h2><br>
<p>The following list includes all the towns and municipalities that lie wholly or partly within the Western Ore Mountains. Places that belong to the historic Vogtland, are marked with an asterisk (*).</p><br>
<p>Following the redrawing of the boundaries by the Saxon State Office, parts of Zwickau and Wilkau-Haßlau also lie within the Western Ore Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The Medvědí skála  is a 924 m high mountain in the Czech part of the Ore Mountains in Central Europe.</p><br>
<h2>Location and surroundings</h2><br>
<p>The mountain lies 3 kilometres southwest of Mikulovice within the municipality of Nová Ves v Horách and, together with the Lesenská pláň (Hübladung), forms the largest group of mountains in the central part of the Ore Mountains. The mountains lie between the Saxon village of Olbernhau and the Czech town of Litvínov and are surrounded by the valleys of the Natzschung, Schweinitz and the Flöha.</p><br>
<p>The Bernsteinberg was Station No. 13 in the 1860s, a primary station of the Royal Saxon Survey ( Königlich-Sächsische Triangulation).</p><br>
<p>The Medvědí skála is difficult to climb because it is partly surrounded by mountain bogs and there are no established paths.</p><br>
<p>Fort Meadow Reservoir is a 260-acre lake in Marlborough, Massachusetts, United States. At its widest point, the lake measures roughly 700 metres. From end to end, it measures 2,480 m long.</p><br>
<p>Amory Maynard, the founder of Maynard, Massachusetts, originally operated a saw mill on the channel leading into Fort Meadow Pond before the City of Boston acquired his water rights. The Reservoir lies</p><br>
<p>76.2 m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Meadow Reservoir ends at the borders of Hudson and Marlborough.</p><br>
<p>The lake consists of a primary and secondary basin, separated by a narrows near the center of the two. The primary basin is split into two sections by a road.</p><br>
<p>Two public beaches are located on the secondary basin. Centennial Beach lies on the Hudson side while Memorial Beach lies on the Marlborough side.</p><br>
<p>Motorized boating is allowed, making it a popular local destination for recreation.</p><br>
<p>The Jelení hora  is a 993 m high mountain in the Czech part of the Ore Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Location and surrounding area</h2><br>
<p>The mountain lies immediately southeast of the village of Kryštofovy Hamry (Christophhammer). It rises above the broad valley of the Preßnitz river and the Preßnitz Reservoir, which is on the site of the former mining town of Přísečnice (Preßnitz).</p><br>
<h2>Routes to the summit</h2><br>
<p>The route to the summit sets out from the dam wall on the Preßnitz Reservoir, which is crossed on foot, and follows the metalled track uphill to about 500 m after the dam where another metalled track branches off to the right. It follows this for about 400 m to the first bend in the track where it turns left onto a steep, straight path. Where this climb ends after about 1600 m, the route leaves the track, again to the left, and onto a footpath. After a final short climb this reaches the plateau of the Jelení hora.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The steep, narrow and sparsely wooded basalt Kuppe of the mountain is striking as it rises above the broad plateaus of the Ore Mountain ridge and offers a good view of the Upper Ore Mountains and a glimpse into the Eger valley. At its highest elevation is a summit cross with a summit register.</p><br>
<p>Yanmenguan, also known as Xixingguan is the name of a Great Wall pass. Located in Dai County, Xinzhou of Shanxi province in China. The current Yanmenguan reconstruction was built during Ming dynasty and currently known as one of the announced monuments of China.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Yanmenguan is situated on Yanmen Mountain. The east side and the west side of the mountain face each other, and hence the whole mountain looks like a huge door. Yanmen Mountain was named for its door-alike shape, in which "Yanmen" means wild goose door in Chinese.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first pass was built by the King Wuling of Zhao during the Warring States period, for defense against the Inner Asian nomads. During Yuan Dynasty it eventually fell into disrepair. The pass was then reconstructed in 1374.</p><br>
<p>The Božídarský Špičák  is the third highest mountain in the Ore Mountains. It lies in the Czech Republic immediately next to the highest town in Centra Europe, Boží Dar .</p><br>
<h2>Location and surrounding area</h2><br>
<p>The Špičák or Spitzberg lies two kilometres southwest of Boží Dar on the plateau of the Ore Mountains in a strict nature reserve. For nature conservation reasons its summit is not open to the public. At the western foot of the summit there is an observation point near the ruins of the Spitzberghäuser, including those of the inn, Zur Wunderblume. To the northwest on the Schwarzwasser is the Myslivny Reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Špičák is the highest nephiline basalt summit (Kuppe) in Central Europe.</p><br>
<h2>Views</h2><br>
<p>From the western foot of the Špičák there is a panoramic view of the Ore Mountain ridge towards the west between Plešivec (Pleßberg) and Auersberg. To the south the view offers, where it is not blocked by trees, views of the valley of the River Eger.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Towards the end of the 19th century a wooden observation tower was erected on the summit, the key to which had to be borrowed from the Spitzberghäusern. However, after a few years the tower fell into ruins due to the effects of the weather and had to be demolished.</p><br>
<p>Ham Hill Hillfort is an Iron Age hillfort located on Ham Hill, Somerset, England. It was also occupied during the mesolithic and neolithic periods and later during Roman and medieval eras. The fort is a Scheduled Ancient Monument, and the whole of the hill is a geological Site of Special Scientific Interest, a country park operated by South Somerset Council, and is visited by over 250,000 people each year.</p><br>
<p>It covers an area of 210 acre, making it one of the largest hillforts in Britain. It is the only one with a public house in its interior.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, at roughly the start of the first millennium BC. The reason for their emergence in Britain, and their purpose, have been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze; as a result, trading patterns shifted, the old elites lost their economic and social status, and power passed into the hands of a new group of people. Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe believes that population increase still played a role and has stated, " provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress burst out into open warfare. But I wouldn&#39;t see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction."</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The hill rises to 400 ft above sea level and towers over the surrounding Parrett and Yeo river valleys.</p><br>
<p>The 3 mi ramparts enclose an area of 210 acre. The southern part is a rectangle approximately 800 m by 1,000 m with a northern spur 600 m by 400 m making an irregular L shape.</p><br>
<p>Most of the perimeter is a double bank and ditch (multivallate), with some of the banks being up to 12 m high. There is a major entrance to the south-east, on the line of the modern road, and another to the north-east, following a track from the Church of St Mary the Virgin at East Stoke in Stoke-sub-Hamdon.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site was occupied during the mesolithic and neolithic periods, and then by the Durotriges tribe, from the 1st century BC.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological finds, which date the original occupation to the 7th century BC, include bronze-work, chariot parts, iron currency bars, gold and silver coins, cremations and burials. A Glastonbury type pot has also been recovered.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, excavations revealed some human skeletons and they may date to the first or second century CE. Tool marks on the bones suggest de-fleshing, reflecting both normal local funerary practices and violent episodes.</p><br>
<p>The site was also important during the Roman era, with many finds indicating that there was a building on the site, possibly a Roman villa. It may also have been the site of a fort that provided a point of control for the Fosse Way. Roman coins, dating from the time of Domitian to Constantine the Great, were contained in a crock found during the 19th century. Other finds include a vessel containing 338 sestertii, which were given to the Museum of Somerset in 1915 by W. R. Phelps, and two other similar pots of coins that together contained slightly over 1,000 coins from Republican Rome to the time of Postumus, which must have been buried at some time after 260. Damaged bronze scales of lorica squamata, a type of scale armour, have also been found.</p><br>
<p>There is less evidence from the Saxon era, although the site might have been occupied during that period. It was definitely occupied during medieval times and was the site of the deserted hamlet of South Ameldon, which hosted an annual fair and court from 1102 until the 17th century. In the 14th century part of the site was a rabbit warren.</p><br>
<p>The site, particularly the northern and western areas, has been damaged by quarrying for Hamstone. In the 1800s there were 24 small quarries operating on the hill employing some 200 men. There are now two quarries, both owned by the Duchy of Cornwall, after whom the pub is named. A stone circle was added in 2000 to commemorate all those who have quarried stone on the site since Roman times. It consists of 15 hamstones.</p><br>
<p>Lower South Grape Creek School is located at 10273 E USA Highway 290 in Gillespie County, Texas. In 1960, the school was consolidated with Fredericksburg Independent School District. The building is now used as a community center. The school was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1994, Marker number 10073. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in Texas on May 6, 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Community background</h2><br>
<p>Luckenbach was settled on the Pedernales tributary of Grape Creek by German colonists such as the Luckenbach family, who arrived in Texas from Stein-Wingert, Germany, aboard the Brig Johann Dethardt January 12, 1846. They were among the first wave of colonists to Fredericksburg in 1846. In 1852, the Luckenbachs moved southeast to the area that came to bear the family name, and became naturalized citizens. William Luckenbach was the first postmaster of South Grape Creek, which was eventually discontinued in 1869. Other early colonists in the area along South Grape Creek were John M. Hunter, Wlihelm Feller and Peter Burg, who were among the petitioners to create Gillespie County, as well as Eramus Frantzen, L.F. Toepperwein, Friedrich Scharnhorst, John Blank, G.J. Weber, and Ferdinand Gellermann.</p><br>
<h2>School</h2><br>
<p>The first school house at South Grape Creek was a log construction built on 1.33 acre of land purchased by the Luckenbach trustees from widow Juliane Wehmeyer in 1871 for $50. The South Grape School District was part of the Luckenbach School Precinct No. 3, which covered Luckenbach, Grapetown, South Grape Creek, and Grape Hill. On May 12, 1889, the school on South Grape Creek was named Lower South Grape Creek School, District #21, because the Grapetown school was named Upper South Grape Creek School. Theodor Huelsemann was the first teacher and taught the Lower South Grape Creek school until 1880.</p><br>
<p>In 1901, a new one-room building was erected out of native limestone, on an acre of land bought for $5 from Charles and Martha Ahrens, 1.5 mi north on USA Highway 290 (then known as the Austin Highway). The original structure had a pyramidal roof, with a chimney, tin roof and bell tower. Capital improvements in later years included a concrete slab porch large enough on which to perform school plays, electricity, and indoor plumbing.</p><br>
<p>Due to sagging enrollment, the school was consolidated with the Fredericksburg Independent School District in 1960. Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1994, Marker number 10073. Lower South Grape Creek School was added to the National Register of Historic Places in Texas on May 6, 2005.</p><br>
<p>The O.K. Corral  was a livery and horse corral from 1879 to about 1888 in the mining boomtown of Tombstone, Arizona Territory, in the southwestern United States near the border with Mexico.</p><br>
<p>Despite its famous association with the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, the historic gunfight did not take place within or next to the corral on Allen Street, but in a narrow lot on Fremont Street, six doors west of the rear entrance to the corral. The lot was between Harwoods home and C. S. Flys 12-room boarding house and photography studio.</p><br>
<p>The 1957 film Gunfight at the O.K. Corral made the shootout famous and the public was incorrectly led to believe it was the actual location of the altercation. Despite the historical inaccuracy, the corral is currently marketed and advertised as the location of the shootout, and visitors can pay to see a reenactment of the gunfight. The corral is now part of the Tombstone Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Origins</h2><br>
<p>At the time of the gunfight on October 26, 1881, the O.K. Corral and Livery was one of seven liveries and corrals in the city of about 5,300 residents, excluding Chinese and children. The others included the Dexter Livery (owned by John Dunbar and Johnny Behan), Pioneer Livery, Tombstone Livery, West End Corral, P.W. Smith Corral, C.N. Thomas West End Corral, and the Fashion Stables,</p><br>
<p>The O.K. Corral was owned at the time by “Honest John” Montgomery and Edward Monroe Benson. Most residents of the town did not own a horse; when they needed to go out of town, they rented a horse from one of the liveries or corrals. The corral and livery also cared for transient stock, and provided buggies, carriages, and wagons with teams of horses. As of 1886, they also rented an 11-passenger excursion coach.</p><br>
<p>The corral and buildings were completely destroyed by a fire that burned almost all of the western business district on May 25, 1882. The rebuilt corral began to gain attention from the American public in 1931, when author Stuart Lake published an initially well-received biography, Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal, two years after Earps death. Published during the Great Depression, the book captured American imaginations. It was also the basis for the 1946 film, My Darling Clementine, by director John Ford. After the film Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was released in 1957, the shootout became known by that name and the corral became wrongly fixed in the publics consciousness as the location of the shoot out.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>According to testimony after the shootout, the outlaw Cowboys who fought the Earps and Doc Holliday went from Dexters Livery Stable, where they had left their horses, to Spangenbergs gun shop on Fourth Street. Wyatt Earp saw them inside and later said he thought they were filling their cartridge belts with bullets. The Cowboys then walked over to the O.K. Corral where witnesses overheard them threatening to kill the Earps. Citizens reported the threats and the armed Cowboys&#39; movements to Tombstone City Marshal Virgil Earp.</p><br>
<p>On April 19, 1881, the city had passed ordinance #9 requiring anyone carrying a bowie knife, dirk, pistol or rifle to deposit their weapons at a livery or saloon soon after entering town. The ordinance was the legal basis for City Marshall Virgil Earp&#39;s decision to confront the Cowboys that resulted in the shoot out.</p><br>
<p>The Earps and Doc Holliday walked west on Fremont Street, looking for the Cowboys. After passing the rear entrance to the O.K. Corral, they found the Cowboys gathered in a narrow 15 - wide lot and adjacent to C. S. Fly&#39;s 12-room boarding house and photography studio at 312 Fremont Street. The gun fight took place within the narrow lot and on Fremont Street.</p><br>
<p>The O.K. Corral at 326 Allen Street is within the Tombstone Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>Investors from Detroit, Michigan, led by attorney Harold O. Love, bought the O.K. Corral, along with The Tombstone Epitaph, the Crystal Palace Hotel, and Schieffelin Hall in 1964. The Love family continue to own the O.K. Corral today. The corral in Tombstone today is inaccurately advertised and marketed as the location of the actual gunfight. The lot in which most of the gun fight actually occurred is now maintained as part of a living history museum. Fremont Street, currently Arizona Highway 80, where portions of the gunfight actually took place, is open to the public.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, the towns focus on tourism led the National Park Service (NPS) to threaten to remove its designation as a National Historic Landmark District, a status it earned in 1961 as "one of the best preserved specimens of the rugged frontier town of the 1870s and 80s." Since this time, however, the community has worked closely with the NPS to develop and implement a new more appropriate stewardship program.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>Although the historical corral wasn&#39;t the actual site of the famous gunfight, its association with the legendary gunfight largely contributed to the creation of the historic district and its placement on the National Register. Another O.K. Corral is known to have existed in Globe, Arizona Territory. The O.K. Corral and Feed Stable was opened before November 8, 1879.</p><br>
<p>Nantahala Lake is located in Macon County, North Carolina in the western part of the state. The lake is regulated and maintained by Duke Power and is a major source of hydroelectric power to the region.</p><br>
<p>Nantahala is located at 3,000 ft in the Nantahala National Forest. The lake was created in 1942 by Nantahala Power to provide electricity for war efforts. With 42 mi of shoreline, the lake offers recreational opportunities at Nantahala that include swimming, boating, skiing, and many other activities. Fishing is another popular activity; aficionados will find largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, trout, salmon, catfish, and many different species of panfish. The lake water is very clear; there is almost no dissolved silt/clay. However, when daytime waves stir up the lake bed along the shoreline, the water within the first several feet of shore can become temporarily cloudy. Most of the shoreline plummets steeply into and beneath the water, limiting this effect.</p><br>
<h2>Water usage</h2><br>
<p>The Nantahala River, one of the nations top rafting and kayaking destinations, is supplied with its water by Nantahala Lake. Water is released from the Nantahala Dam to create the whitewater rapids in the river. When the river is not being supplied, it is very calm but when the water is released from the lake it is considered on,&#39; which is when kayaking and rafting occurs.</p><br>
<p>Helenton Loch was situated in a low lying area between the farms and dwellings of Helentongate, Mains, and Burnbank in the Parish of Symington, South Ayrshire, Scotland. The loch was natural, sitting in a hollow, a kettle hole, created by glaciation. The loch waters ultimately drained via the Pow Burn.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>The Loch</h3><br>
<p>The loch is recorded as Ellingtone Loch on Roy&#39;s survey of 1747-55,</p><br>
<p>and Elintoun Loch on Blaeus map of 1654, surveyed by Timothy Pont in the early 1600s, with an Elintounmur nearby. Ainslies map of 1821 records the name Helenton. Aitons map of 1811 records the house and loch clearly and uses the spelling Halentoun. Thomson&#39;s map of 1832 shows the loch and a mill pond serving Helenton Mill.</p><br>
<p>Armstrongs Map of 1775 shows a substantial loch bordering the mansion house and wooded policies of Helentoun. The 1857 OS map records only a small loch at the site. The 1860s OS map shows a lane running up to the mill pond&#39; or loch remnant from the Helentongate to Helenton Road in the 1860s.</p><br>
<p>The loch was drained to provide land for agriculture and a mill pond substituted. The loch remnant is now a well drained area in the fields of Helentongate Farm.</p><br>
<h3>Helenton Mill</h3><br>
<p>The loch may have served as the head water for Ellingtone or Helenton Mill which is dated from 1583 in one source and 1549 in another. Two dams provided the head of water and the fall was around eleven feet powering a breast wheel and driving the two pairs of stones from Kameshill at West Kilbride. Half a ton of oatmeal per hour was the maximum milling rate. Provender for cattle was produced in addition to oatmeal. The mill had been built for the benefit of the tenants by the Montgomeries of Eglinton and one half of the machinery belonged to the miller.</p><br>
<p>In 1583 William Wallace of Ellerslie held half the mill. In 1875 Adamson records the old corn and saw mill as being ruined when he passes this way when walking from Underhill, crossing the footbridge over the Pow Burn to the mill and then continuing on to the lane to Helentongate and Symington. It had closed in 1858.</p><br>
<p>A Robert Calderwood, aged 68, is shown as living at Helenton Mill in 1841. He was a miller who married Margaret Wilson 1799. The couples children were Elizabeth born Symington, and siblings were born in Craigie - James, Janet, Andrew, Adam, Margaret, Jean, John, William, David, Alexander and Walter who died at Perclewan, Dalrymple in 1903.</p><br>
<p>The OS maps show that a cottage once sat in the field opposite the mill entrance, most probably the miller&#39;s dwelling.</p><br>
<p>The mill pond is now an infilled area near Helenton Mote, following the closure of the mill in the late 19th century. A footpath is shown on OS maps as running down from Underhill and then crossing the Pow Burn at the old mill.</p><br>
<h3>Land ownership</h3><br>
<p>In 1549 Andrew Schaw of Sornbeg is recorded as holding the lands of Goldring (Rosemount), Knockindail, and Helentoun Mains with the mill.</p><br>
<p>Johne Schaw of Polkemmet next held the lands of Helentoun with its tower, mains, mill, and part of the lands of Helentoun Muir. In 1582 John Schaw, son and heir, inherited the five pound lands of Helentoun. He also inherited the lands of Goldring after they had both been held by the King for a period of three years.</p><br>
<p>Helenton was a part of the Lands of Symington until it came to lie within the Barony of Sanquhar-Hamilton, named for the family of Hamilton of Sanquhar.</p><br>
<p>James Stewart, Earl of Arran held the lands for a time, however they passed to the Wallaces of Craigie and in 1583-4 it is recorded that William Wallace of Ellerslie held the lands of Mains of Helentoun and Bogend, together with the tower, fortalice, and manor place of Helenton, together with half of the mill.</p><br>
<p>William Wallace of Helenton is recorded as having married Elizabeth Cunningham of Kilmaronok (sic) in the mid 17th century.</p><br>
<h3>Etymology</h3><br>
<p>The derivation of the name is far from clear as Helenton does not appear as a spelling on the maps until the late 16th century, variations of the name Ellington being used by cartographers prior to that date. The village of Ellington in Northumberland may derives its name from the Saxon first name Ella. The Scots word Elenge means remote or lonely. The name Pow or Poll refers to a slow-moving ditch-like stream.</p><br>
<h2>Micro-history</h2><br>
<p>The minister at Mauchline Kirk at the time of Robert Burns was the somewhat fanatical Rev William (Daddy) Auld, born at Auld Helenton Farm. His family held a pew within Symington church, shown on the 1797 church seating plan as Laird Auld. His gravestone records that he died aged 81 in the 50th year of his ministry, that his mother was Margaret Campbell and he had an only sister, Jean.</p><br>
<p>Helentongate is recorded as a curling site by the Royal Caledonian Curling Club.</p><br>
<p>In 1884, three-quarters of a mile of the Catcraig Road was removed from Helenton Mains to Benacres, thereby truncating the route following the closure of the corn and sawmill at Helenton.</p><br>
<p>A motte or Moot hill was located at Helenton, once surmounted by a building and acting as the Justice Hill of the barony of. Smith sees it as a fort with a ditch on the south side but altered in shape due to a lade running close to one side and a road lying on the other.</p><br>
<p>Helenton Hill is a prominent landmark to the west of the old loch site.</p><br>
<p>The nearby lands of Rosemount were in 1549 known as Goldring and were the property of the Schaws of Sornbeg.</p><br>
<p>The historic Humboldt Post Office building is located at the corner of Main Street and 6th Avenue in Humboldt, Saskatchewan, Canada. The building is 2 1/2 storeys with a 4-storey bell and clock tower. Designed by the chief architect of the Department of Public Works, David Ewart, the building is the last surviving of a series of very similar buildings under a common theme on the prairies. The building originally housed a post office, customs, and weights and measures office on the ground floor; customs and inland revenue offices and an office for the commanding officer of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police  on the second floor, while the third floor housed caretaker’s quarters and RCMP offices quarters.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1977. It was also designated a municipal historic site in 1984. In 2010, a conservation plan was developed for the building.</p><br>
<p>The building is currently used to house the Humboldt & District Museum and Gallery.</p><br>
<p>The Eugene Masonic Cemetery, the oldest cemetery in Eugene, Oregon, is one of the oldest privately owned and continuously operating historic entities in Lane County. Incorporated as a burial site in 1859, the same year Oregon became a state, it occupies ten acres on a knoll in southeast Eugene, with main entrance gate at University Street and 25th Avenue. The cemetery contains Hope Abbey Mausoleum which, together with the cemetery itself, was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was originally owned by Masonic Lodge No.11, but has been owned and operated since 1994 by the non-profit Eugene Masonic Cemetery Association, whose board members are volunteers. It retains Masonic in its name as an important historic reference, but is no longer officially affiliated with Freemasonry.</p><br>
<p>The Masonic Cemetery and Hope Abbey Mausoleum in Eugene, Oregon dates from 1859. It was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery was established on a treeless hill in the country outside Eugene. For many years it was one of the principal resting places chosen for Eugene&#39;s prominent citizens, a number of whom are listed below. Through many generations and in varying conditions it was managed by the local Masonic lodge, but eventually the load became too much, and the site, overrun by weeds and blackberries and subject to vandalism, became a matter of public concern. The City of Eugene, with co-operation from the Masonic Lodge, began a process that resulted in transfer of ownership to a new Eugene Masonic Cemetery Association (EMCA).</p><br>
<p>The Association&#39;s immediate goal was to reverse generations of neglect, and its primary aim remains the restoration and interpretation of this historic resource. Since 1994, EMCA has largely restored the native and heritage landscape of the cemetery. Over $200,000 has been invested in restoration of Hope Abbey Mausoleum and repair of hundreds of damaged historic tombstones. The goal of historic interpretation resulted in production of a book, Full of Life, numerous brochures and over 50 interpretive signs on site. These and many other improvements have transformed the cemetery from an urban disaster to an urban amenity.</p><br>
<h2>The site</h2><br>
<p>Originally treeless and, like the valley floor, covered with prairie grasses and wildflowers, the cemetery is now dominated by a mature stand of Douglas-fir trees, together with a wide variety of understory species. One of the EMCAs first acts was the development of a landscape plan, which emphasizes the cultivation of native plants&mdash;more than 100 native species of plants can be found in the cemetery&mdash;and the preservation of the sites unique qualities as an island of tranquility in an urban setting. In 2006 the Eugene Tree Foundation presented its award for excellence in stewardship of an urban forest to EMCA. Mowing is limited from early spring through late fall to allow the native plants to flourish and provide an uninterrupted display.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was initially formally platted in a grid with streets and alleys. Numerous family plots, measuring 20&times;20 feet, were purchased by pioneer subscribers for 15 dollars. Over the years, the Eugene Masonic Cemetery has remained an active cemetery, and even today a limited number of in-ground burial spaces are still available. A scatter garden for burial of cremated remains was created in 1997, and a Jewish section of the cemetery has been defined and consecrated.</p><br>
<p>Over 50 historic markers describing notable early Eugeneans are maintained near gravesites. An on-site bulletin board is provided, and Hope Abbey is a venue for occasional lectures and musical performances.</p><br>
<h2>Hope Abbey</h2><br>
<p>Hope Abbey is a mausoleum that was designed in the Egyptian Revival style by Ellis F. Lawrence and dedicated in 1914. Its distinctive architecture includes a massive entrance archway, with lotus blossom urns and bundles of papyrus on either side of the copper-clad doors. Details include ancient Egyptian symbols above the entrance: the circular disc representing the sun, twin cobras denoting death, and vulture wings symbolizing protection and maternal care. The history of the mausoleum has been extensively researched, including its restoration after years of neglect. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Hope Abbey Mausoleum was dedicated on June 14, 1914 at the southwest corner of the Eugene Masonic Cemetery which, in turn, was founded in 1859 by Masonic Lodge #11 at the request of the city. Over the years, both the cemetery and the mausoleum had been vandalized repeatedly, and Masonic Lodge #11 did not have the resources for the upkeep of the cemetery or Hope Abbey. In 1995, with the active assistance of the City of Eugene, ownership of the cemetery, including Hope Abbey, was turned over to the Eugene Masonic Cemetery Association (EMCA), a non-profit organization, whose Board of Directors members are volunteers.</p><br>
<p>Since 1995, Hope Abbey has been largely restored. A new roof, proper drainage, a wheelchair accessible front porch, electrical service and a working lavatory are among the improvements. The eighty glass clerestory windows that had been bricked up as protection against vandalism have been reopened and reproduction stained glass windows by local glass artisan John Rose allow sunlight to once again illuminate the interior. Additional work will continue as funds permit.</p><br>
<p>Hope Abbey, with crypts and niches still available for purchase, is normally kept secure and locked, but the huge doors are opened to the public from 1 to 4 p.m. on the last Sunday of each month except December, as well as on special occasions such as Memorial Day weekend or for musical events.</p><br>
<h2>People</h2><br>
<p>City founder Eugene Skinner and Oregon&#39;s first governor, John Whiteaker, are buried here, as well as many Civil War veterans. More recent burials include those of 20th century radio personality Carolyn Spector and blues disc jockey “Rooster” Gavin Fox. Notables include presidents of both the University of Oregon and Northwest Christian College. Names from prominent local families such as Chambers, Friendly, Condon, Luckey, Collier, McCornack, and Kerns pepper the hillside. An extensive list of burials is available on the EMCA web site.</p><br>
<p>Hope Abbey also contains the remains of a number of prominent members of the Eugene business, academic and professional communities, some of whom are listed in the book, Full of Life, published by the EMCA.</p><br>
<h2>Organization</h2><br>
<p>The Eugene Masonic Cemetery Association is a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization with a Board of Directors, a Cemetery Administrator and a Site Manager. Money raised for the restoration and operation of the Masonic cemetery totals over one million dollars. An endowment has been begun. Work is also accomplished through matching grants, in-kind business contributions, pro bono professional help and a vast number of volunteer hours. It is the largest cemetery restoration project in Oregon, and is considered a model throughout the state.</p><br>
<p>Kuppam is a river located at Taliparamba in Kannur District of Kerala state, India. The river flows into the Arabian Sea. The river touches Taliparamba town at a place called Kupam which is surrounded by seven small hills.</p><br>
<h2>Origin</h2><br>
<p>Kuppam River originates from Western Ghats, Kerala - Karnataka border. It has navigational water from Kooveri about 15 km. flowing through Therandy, Cheriyoor, Pachheni, Iringal, Kuppam, Pattuvam, Payangadi and Matool to Arabian Sea. Kuppam River is known at Payangadi as Payangadi River. Its overall length may be 50 km. Kuttikol River a tributary joins Kuppam River at Kavin Munambu. It is flowing 2 km. away from Taliparamba. The location of origin is called Padinlkadu and the river flows almost like a railway line parallaly to the Valapattanam river.</p><br>
<h2>Kuppam village</h2><br>
<p>In olden times, Kuppam village was an important center of business and many boats were made here for moving in the river.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>Kuppam river has many tributaries like Chiriyathode, Kuttikkolppuzha, Mukuttathodu, Alakuttathode and Pakathupuzha.</p><br>
<h2>Seven Hills</h2><br>
<p>The seven hills seen from Kuppam river make the area spectacularly beautiful.</p><br>
<h2>Temples on Kuppam River</h2><br>
<p>Patavil Shree Muthappan Madapura is situated on the banks of Kuppam river and Jumamasjids are situated either side of the river near the Kuppam Bridge. North side in Pariyaram Panchayat and South side is in Taliparamba Municipality. Earlier there was passenger boat service from Kooveri to Payangadi and to Parassinikadavu through Baliapattam. Kuppam was a big market for cash crops and there was godowns for stocking the commodities. Big country crafts were used to ferry commodities like pepper, cashew, aricunut etc. daily.</p><br>
<h2>Bridges on Kuppam River</h2><br>
<p>There is a bridge on Kuppam River and NH 17 passes through this bridge. Another bridge at Payangadi also over this river for State Highway.</p><br>
<p>The Mactan Channel also known as Opon Channel is the strait between main island of Cebu and the smaller Mactan Island. The body of water is located within Metro Cebu separating Lapu-Lapu City on Mactan Island from Mandaue City and Cebu City in mainland Cebu. It is one of the three channels that connect the Cebu Strait to the Camotes Sea - the other two being Olango Channel and Hilutangan Channel. It is the main passageway for ships navigating between Cebu and Bohol.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Port of Cebu - the second largest port in the country - is located along Mactan Channel and has been used since the Spanish Colonial Period. It was organized a Channel in Cebu on March 1, 1958. The channel was first spanned by the Mactan-Mandaue Bridge in 1971 and then by the Marcelo Fernan Bridge in 1999.</p><br>
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<p>Kolonai  was an ancient Greek city in the south-west of the Troad region of Anatolia. It has been located on a hill by the coast known as Beşiktepe , about equidistant between Larisa to the south and Alexandreia Troas to the north. It is 3.3 km east of the modern village of Alemşah in the Ezine district of Çanakkale Province, Turkey. Its name in Ancient Greek is the plural form of κολώνη , hill, mound, a common name for promontories with hills on them in the Eastern Mediterranean. It is not to be confused with Lampsacene Kolonai, a settlement situated in the hills above Lampsacus in the north-east of the Troad.</p><br>
<h2>Daës of Kolonai</h2><br>
<p>The obscure local historian Daës of Kolonai (Δάης ὁ Κολωναεύς) is the only literary figure from Kolonai who is known. As a writer of local history he can date no earlier than the late 5th century BC, and as a citizen of Kolonai he must date before c. 310 BC when Kolonai became synoecized with Alexandreia Troas; his floruit is therefore likely to have been in the 4th century BC. The Augustan geographer Strabo provides the only information on Daës in a brief quotation from his work on the history of Kolonai: "Daës of Kolonai says that the temple of Apollo Killaios was first founded in Kolonai by the Aeolians who sailed from Greece". The cult of Apollo Killaios was local to the southern Troad and Lesbos and is first mentioned in Homers Iliad. The reference to the foundation of Kolonai by Aeolians indicates both that the inhabitants of Kolonai in the 4th century BC considered themselves to be ethnically Aeolian and that Daës work dealt with the early history of his polis. The Aeolian identity of 4th-century BC Kolonai is independently confirmed by the legends on their coins which were spelt in the Aeolic Greek dialect.</p><br>
<h2>Cycnus</h2><br>
<p>In Greek mythology, the king of Kolonai during the Trojan Wars was Cycnus. He was killed on the first day of the Trojan Wars by Achilles. This story does not appear in the Iliad, but does in the Cypria, which is thought to have been composed slightly later than the Iliad in the latter half of the 7th century BC. Cycnus appears on two separate occasions in Pindar, suggesting that by the early 5th century BC the myth had some currency. The mid-1st century BC historian Diodorus Siculus related a story about Cycnus which he attributed to the inhabitants of Tenedos, an island not far north of Kolonai, in which Cycnus&#39; son Tennes founded Tenedos and gave it has name. A similar connection between the mythical king of Kolonai and the foundation of Tenedos was made two centuries later by the travel writer Pausanias.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pottery finds suggest that Kolonai was inhabited in prehistoric times, but it is unknown whether there was any continuity between these period of its settlement and the Greek period. Greek ceramic material appears on the site from the 7th century BC, marking its foundation as a Greek settlement. At the period in which Daës of Kolonai was writing (probably the 4th century BC), the inhabitants of Kolonai thought they had been founded by Aeolian Greeks. Given that Lesbos was also ethnically Aeolian and Kolonai was one of the so-called Actaean cities which Athens took from Mytilene following the end of the Mytilenean revolt in 427 BC, it is likely that Mytilene founded Kolonai and subsequently controlled it. A corrupt passage of the geographer Strabo suggests instead that Kolonai belonged to the peraia of Tenedos, but there is now a consensus among consensus that the manuscripts should refer to it belonging to the peraia of Lesbos.</p><br>
<p>References to Kolonai in written sources from Classical Antiquity are extremely rare. The Spartan general Pausanias may have fled from Byzantium to Kolonai in 478 BC if it is this Kolonai rather than Lampsacene Kolonai which is meant by Thucydides. Following the end of Mytilenaean control in 427 BC, it became part of the Delian League, and in 425/424 BC is recorded as paying a tribute of 1,000 drachmas, relatively small compared to the 3 talents which its neighbour Larisa paid in the same year.</p><br>
<p>In 399 BC Kolonai was forcibly reincorporated into the Persian Empire by the local dynast Mania, but in the following year it was freed again by the Spartan general Dercyllidas. During the 4th century BC the city minted coins depicting a head of Athena on the obverse. Its relationship with neighbouring Larisa is unclear throughout the Classical period, but appears to be one of semi-dependence. In c. 310 BC Kolonai is thought to have been part of the synoecism with Antigoneia Troas, at which point the settlement is presumed to have been abandoned.</p><br>
<p>Rheingold School is located at 334 Rheingold School Road, in Gillespie County, Texas.</p><br>
<p>In 1949, the school was consolidated with Fredericksburg Independent School District. The building is now used as a community center. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in Texas on May 6, 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Community background</h2><br>
<p>The Rheingold community was founded in 1859 on North Grape Creek, 13.5 mi northeast of Fredericksburg. Colonists included Heinrich Herbert, Gottfried Ottmers, Conrad Bock, Peter Herber, Heinrich Eckhardt, and Peter Fahrenhorst. The settlement became known as Rheingold, because the majority land and business owners were the widows and sons of German immigrants Jacob and Peter Gold, victims of a cholera epidemic. At one time, Rheingold had a general store, cotton gin, dance hall, blacksmith shop and a gasoline service station, most of it owned by the Gold family. William Grobe was the postmaster when the community received a post office under the name Rheingold in 1878. The post office continued under the original name of Rheingold until 1907, when the mail service was transferred to Willow City. The original name of Rheingold was officially shortened to Gold when the area received a new post office in 1908. The Gold post office was discontinued in 1931, and the community received its mail from Johnson City.</p><br>
<h2>School</h2><br>
<p>In 1873, William Gold donated 2 acre of land to accommodate the need for a school for the communitys children. Labor and materials for the schoolhouse came from area families. The first structure was a 12 x 14&#39; log house. A replacement frame schoolhouse was later built. The school had an indoor wood stove for heat, and separate outhouses for girls and boys. The water supply came from a hand pump in the yard. August Schuchard was the first teacher, who taught grades 1 through 8. The school was tuition free for the first six months, but required a payment of tuition if the student continued to the end of the school year.</p><br>
<p>The school was consolidated with the Fredericksburg Independent School District in 1949. Rheingold School was added to the National Register of Historic Places in Texas on May 6, 2005. The building is now used as a community center.</p><br>
<p>Heinold&#39;s First and Last Chance is a waterfront saloon opened by John  M. Heinold in 1883 on Jack London Square in Oakland, California, United States. The name "First and Last Chance" refers to the time in which for many sailors, the pub was the first and last chance to drink alcohol heavily before or after a long voyage.</p><br>
<p>Heinolds First and Last Chance is also known as "Jack Londons Rendezvous", as it was the inspiration for scenes from the Oakland writer&#39;s novels Call of the Wild and The Sea Wolf.</p><br>
<h2>Beginnings and name</h2><br>
<p>The pub in its original form was a preserved building from 1880, built from the remnants of an old whaling ship at the foot of Webster Street in Oakland, where it remains today. It was originally designed as sleeping quarters for the workers of the nearby oyster beds, and was used as a bunk for nearly three years. In 1883 it was purchased by German-born Philadelphian Johnny Heinold for 100 USA dollars and with the help of a ship carpenter, converted into a pub which he named J.M. Heinold&#39;s Saloon.</p><br>
<p>The pubs central location near the ferry between Oakland and Alameda made it a popular first or last destination to drink alcohol, as its consumption and sale were illegal in Alameda. Heinolds First and Last Chance was also a popular spot for sailors leaving or arriving through the Oakland port on long trips, known as the first or last place to drink alcohol in larger quantities. The popular nickname "First and Last" stuck, and the pubs name was eventually officially renamed to Heinolds First and Last Chance.</p><br>
<p>Heinold&#39;s First and Last Chance is one of the two most notable "Last Chance Saloons". The term "last chance" was a widely used by saloons in the USA beginning in the 19th century to indicate to customers that this was the last stop to purchase and consume alcohol before entering a dry county, or other places where alcohol was not easily obtainable.</p><br>
<h2>Jack London's Rendezvous</h2><br>
<p>Oakland author Jack London, after spending some time out at sea and traveling throughout the USA and Canada, returned to his hometown to complete his high school education. As a schoolboy, London would study at the bar&#39;s tables that remain today. At 17, he confessed to Johnny Heinold during his stay at the pub that he was planning to attend University and pursue a career in writing. Heinold lent London the money needed for tuition, and he enrolled at the nearby University of California, Berkeley.</p><br>
<p>While London only made it through his first year of college, Heinold&#39;s pub introduced him to the sailors and adventurers that would influence his writing.</p><br>
<p>Many of Londons evenings were spent at Heinolds pub, gathering ideas for his later works. In his autobiographical novel, John Barleycorn, London mentioned the pubs likeness seventeen times. The pub was the place where London met Alexander McLean, a captain known for his cruelty at sea, whom the protagonist in Londons novel The Sea-Wolf, Wolf Larsen, is based.</p><br>
<p>Jack Londons Rendezvous became the bars nickname in more recent years because of its influence on the author. A sign was added to the original roof with the title.</p><br>
<h2>Heinold's today</h2><br>
<p>John Heinold ran the bar until 1939 when his son, George, took over. George ran the bar until 1969 and then his wife, Margaret, stepped in to run the establishment, continuing the tradition until 1984 when Carol Brookman became the proprietor.</p><br>
<p>Heinold&#39;s is the last commercial establishment in California with its original gas lighting. The tables, which reportedly came from a whaling ship, and other furnishings date back to the days when Johnny Heinold ran the pub. The walls and ceilings are covered with business cards, hats of past patrons and money, often signed by sailors about to deploy so they would have money for a drink waiting for them upon their return.</p><br>
<p>The bar still holds the original potbellied stove used to warm the room, their only source of heat since 1889. Bob Fitzsimmons and Jimy Jeffries boxing gloves, John Heinold&#39;s hat remain where they were hung; and the original bar glassware, and mahogany bar are still in use today.</p><br>
<p>One of the most notable characteristics of the pub is the very slanted floor. The uneven ground formed in 1906 during the great San Francisco earthquake when a portion of the piles the pub is built on in swampy ground sank. In the corner of Heinold&#39;s is a clock that has been stopped since the moment of the 1906 quake, at 5:18.</p><br>
<p>Some say Heinold&#39;s First and Last Chance is haunted. Brookman, the current owner and other saloon employees have reported hearing footsteps and finding doors left open.</p><br>
<h2>Historical landmark</h2><br>
<p>On January 12, 1998 the Friends of Libraries USA added Heinold&#39;s to the Literary Landmarks Register. Outside they placed a plaque that reads:</p><br>
<p>On September 1, 2000, the United States Federal Government listed Heinold&#39;s First and Last Chance on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Luckenbach School is a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark and on the National Register of Historic Places Listing. It is located at 3566 Luckenbach Rd. in Gillespie County, Texas. In 1964, the school was consolidated with Fredericksburg Independent School District. The building is now used as a community center.</p><br>
<h2>Community background</h2><br>
<p>Luckenbach was settled by German colonists such as the Luckenbach family, who arrived in Texas from Stein-Wingert, Germany, aboard the Brig Johann Dethardt January 12, 1846. They were among the first wave of colonists to Fredericksburg in 1846. In 1852, the Luckenbachs moved southeast to the area that came to bear the family name, and became naturalized citizens. August W. Engel was the first postmaster of Luckenbach when the post office was established on August 30, 1886.</p><br>
<h2>School</h2><br>
<p>The first school house at Luckenbach was a 16 x 15 log construction built on land purchased for $4 from Peter Pehl on July 22, 1855. It was constructed by the local men. When the need outgrew the building in 1881, a 10 ft addition was built of native limestone. Luckenbach School was part of the Luckenbach School Precinct No. 3, which covered Luckenbach, Grapetown, South Grape Creek, and Grape Hill. Tuition was $1 per year per child. The school day began at 9 a.m., and the school week was Monday through Saturday. A one-room stone teacherage was built in the 1860s, with floors made of wooden planks salvaged from Indianola. The teacherage was later adjoined to the school house. A new schoolhouse of native limestone was built in 1905. In 1949, Luckenbach school became a two-teacher school in order to adhere to the state Gilmer-Aiken Act that limited the number of students per teacher. In 1964, the school was consolidated with the Fredericksburg Independent School District.</p><br>
<p>Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1982, Marker number 10075. Lower Luckenbach School was added to the National Register of Historic Places in Texas on May 6, 2005.</p><br>
